Definition of a Reaction Intermediate

An intermediate or reaction intermediate is a substance formed during a middle step of a chemical reaction between reactants and the desired product. Intermediates tend to be extremely reactive and short-lived, so they represent a low concentration in a chemical reaction compared with the amount of reactants or products. Many intermediates are unstable ions or free radicals. Example in a chemical equation: A 2B → C E The steps could be A B → C DB D → E The D chemical would be an intermediate chemical. A real-world example of chemical intermediates are oxidizing radicals OOH and OH found in combustion reactions. Chemical Processing Definition The term intermediate means something different in the chemical industry, referring to a stable product of a chemical reaction that is then used as a starting material for another reaction. For example, benzene and propylene may be used to make the intermediate cumene. Cumene is then used to make phenol and acetone. Intermediate vs Transition State An intermediate is different from a transition state in part because an intermediate has a longer lifetime than a vibrational or transition state.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT 2013 - 6450 Words

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT PFCE – BJW ENGINEERING SDN BHD LOT P, KM 105, JALAN KUANTAN – K.TERENGGANU 24300 KERTEH TERENGGANU DARUL IMAN MUHAMMAD HAFIZ BIN ESA MA10122 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG 01 JULY 2013 – 06 SEPTEMBER 2013 BJW ENGINEERING SDN BHD I hereby declare that Muhammad Hafiz Esa (MA10122), student of Department of Mechanical, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) has successful completed his Engineering Industrial Training from July 2013 till September 2013 at PFCE-BJW Engineering Sdn. Bhd, Kerteh, Terengganu. This report is prepared by the above mentioned student as a partial fulfilment of this training. All information given in this report is true and does not contain any confidential†¦show more content†¦Title 1.1 Company Organization Chart 2.1 Spool Prepare Fabricate 2.2 Leak Test Preparation 3.1 Piping ISO Drawing 3.2 Piping Instrument flow Diagram (PID) Drawing 3.3 General Arrangement (GA) Drawing 3.4 Test Package Detail Description 3.5 Fit-Up Visual Inspection Report 3.6 Body Harness Component 3.7 Work at Plant 3.8 Piping Support Guide 3.9 Sling Belt 3.10 Hydro Test 3.11 Workshop Work; Repairing Inspection Page LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title 1.1 Company Experience 1.2 Key Personal 1.3 Man Power Involve 3.1 Sling Belt Colour Description Page CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND OF INDUSTRIAL 1.1 COMPANY PROFILE BJW Engineering Sdn. Bhd. is one of the PFCE Group of Company that focus on Oil and Gas Engineering work such as piping and fabrication work. Was located in Kerteh, Terengganu, and this company incorporate and registered as a registered company on 06 November 1998. Establish to handle many Petronas Gas Berhad (PGB) work such as Plant Rejuvenation and Revamp Project (PRR), mini shutdown/turn around and overall shutdown. Currently, BJW Engineering now involves on Plant Rejuvenation and Revamp Project 2 (PRR2) on GasShow MoreRelatedHealth Equity9260 Words   |  38 Pageseducation level [cited 2012 Nov 29]. Available from: URL: http:// www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/2011/fig32.pdf. Reported in: Braveman P, Egerter S. Overcoming obstacles to health in 2013 and beyond: report for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Commission to Build a Healthier America. Princeton (NJ): Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 2013. a Public Health Reports  /  2014 Supplement 2 / Volume 129 22â€Æ' î  ¥Ã¢â‚¬Æ' Nursing in 3D: Diversity, Disparities, and Social Determinants Infant mortality rate (per 1,000Read MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 PagesUnited States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 About the Author Douglas C. Montgomery is Regents’ Professor of Industrial Engineering and Statistics and the Arizona State University Foundation Professor of Engineering. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Virginia Polytechnic Institute, all in engineering. From 1969 to 1984 he was a faculty member of the School of Industrial Systems Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology; from 1984 to 1988 he was at the University of WashingtonRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesProject Management Institute since 1976 and was one of the founders of the Portland, Oregon, chapter. He was a visiting professor at Kasetsart University in Bangkok, Thailand in 2005. He was the president of Project Management International, Inc. (a training and consulting firm specializing in project management) 1977–2005. He received his B.A. in economics and management from Millikin University, M.B.A. from Indiana University, and doctorate in operations management from the Colle ge of Business, University

Viola in The Twelfth Night - 580 Words

Who is Viola? Who REALLY is Viola? Viola is a very cunning, smart, and interesting character. This is shown in Shakespeare’s The Twelfth Night, this book is about three different lovers. The Duke loves Olivia, Olivia loves Cesario/Viola, and Cesario/Viola loves the Duke. Viola is trying to set up a new life after surviving a shipwreck in which her brother â€Å"died.† Viola is a cunning lady with lots of attitude. Viola influences almost every other character as well. She unintentionally tricks both the Duke and Olivia, she confuses Antonia, who believes she is Sebastian (her brother), and she confuses her brother, Sebastian, who believed that she was dead. Viola is someone we can all learn from. In Shakespeare’s The Twelfth Night, Viola is very much like a spy. She knew secret information of all three people (the Duke, Olivia, and herself) in the love triangle. I have been lead to this conclusion because of both her knowledge of secrets, and by how she relayed information to and from the Duke. Many quotes showed her secret knowledge, for example, in act 2 scene 3 â€Å"My master loves her dearly; And I, poor monster, fond as much on him; And she, mistaken, seems to dote on me.† (Lines 15-40) Viola knew of the pickle of love everyone was in before anyone else figured it out. Also, in act 2 scene 4 (Lines 117-125) Viola said â€Å"But let concealment, like worm i’ the bud, Feed on her damask cheek;† In this part of the book, Viola is like a spy because she knows both how men and how womenShow MoreRelatedViola in William Shakespeares The Twelfth Night Essay551 Words   |  3 PagesViola in William Shakespeares The Twelfth Night Viola as a main character is the most deceitful; she tricks everybody into believing shes a man, but as well as being most deceitful she is also the most honest and sincere. So what are her attractive qualities? Why does she appeal to us as an audience? In this essay I will be looking at Viola and her appealing qualities as well as the way in which I believe she should be acted. In many ways Viola represents trueRead MoreViola and Orsino in Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare Essay1909 Words   |  8 PagesViola and Orsino in Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare In William Shakespeares Twelfth Night there are several relationships that develop throughout the play. Among the many characters whose interaction and misunderstanding become the core of the plot, Viola and Orsino have the most significant relationship. The way they interact with one another causes the complex conflict of the play, and as the conflict comes to be more complex the two characters turn from strangersRead MoreViola and Beatrice in Twelfth Night and Much Ado About Nothing1046 Words   |  5 Pages     Ã‚  Ã‚   Viola and Beatrice both take on mens roles, Viola that of a manservant and Beatrice that of the perpetual bachelor and the clown: I was born to speak all mirth and no matter, she says to Don Pedro [II.i.343-4]. They appear to be actors and manipulators, much more so than their female predecessors, who are mostly reactive and manipulated, such as Hermia, Helena, Titania, and Gertrude. None of these women seemed in charge of her own destiny, but tricked by the schemes of men and later scornedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1221 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s Twelfth Night is a widely known romantic comedy that was first published in 1623. Twelfth Night is one of Shakespeare’s finest works and it tends to have an affinity to modern romantic comedy films and stories. The play has love triangles, unrequited love, lies and deceit, playful comedic relief, and obstacles that interfere with characters’ goals. Many of Shakespeare’s play s were turned into film adaptations and many were used very loosely as source material. Hamlet had Lion King (veryRead MoreRole Of Female Characters In Twelfth Night1608 Words   |  7 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, the female characters have a strong constitution specifically Olivia and Viola. The play begins with a shipwrecked Viola who decides to disguise herself and go under the assumed name of Cesario. Viola Cesario falls in love with Duke Orsino who is in love with Olivia. The Duke asks for Cesario to woo Olivia for him however Olivia begins to fall for Cesario. Later, Violas twin brother reappears, and Olivia mistakes him for Cesario proposes to him. In theRead More Love And Shakespeare Essay823 Words   |  4 Pages Love and Shakespeare The love theme in Shakespeares Twelfth Night is confusing but at the same time entertaining. The love triangle involving Viola, disguised as Cesario, is in love with Orsino. Orsino is in love with Olivia. Olivia, however, loves Cesario. Orsino tries to woo Olivia with the language of love; however, his many attempts fail because the heart cannot be controlled. Orsino, a man in love with love itself, is on a mission to win the heart of his current object of affection, the LadyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Twelfth Night The use of genre in any literary work assist the responder in understanding the text, as prior knowledge and past experience are used by composers to construct certain expectations due to characteristics that are recognised. Shakespeare, in his play Twelfth Night uses the Romantic comedy genre and its conventions of strong themes of love and a series of obstacles and misunderstandings concluded with a harmonious union of the loversRead MoreEssay on Disguises and Mistaken Identity in Twelfth Night1372 Words   |  6 Pagesdisguise are important aspects of comedy in Twelfth Night that stand at the forefront of the play’s comedy. Not only are mistaken identities and disguise evident within the main plot of the play but also in various other situations. Sexual confusion amongst characters, subversion of gender roles and farcical elements through stagecraft all effectively contribute to the dramatic comedy genre. However, it can be suggested that certain elements of Twelfth Night are not interpreted to be purely comedic;Read More Disguise in Shakespeares Measure for Measure and Twelfth Night1230 Words   |  5 PagesDisguise in Shakespeares Measure for Measure and Twelfth Night      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disguise is a device Shakespeare employs frequently in both Measure for Measure and Twelfth Night. It allows a disguised character like the Duke of Vienna to glean information that would otherwise go unknown, and a character like Viola to take advantage of potentially beneficial situations. It gives these characters access to worlds that might otherwise be denied; for the Duke, he can now hauntRead MoreTwelfth Night And Brokeback Mountain1338 Words   |  6 PagesAfter reading literary works such as Twelfth Night and â€Å"Brokeback Mountain,† it appears they share numerous themes with the novel Never Let Me Go. One theme particularly interesting regarding the novel Twelfth Night is that of identity. The theme of identity in Twelfth Night influenced me to think differently about Ishiguro’s text, Never Let Me Go, because it allows for a deeper understanding of the difficulty the clones faced in finding their identity. After reading Never Let Me Go, one can perceive

Case of Valilas v Januzaj Study Example

Essays on Case of Valilas v Januzaj Case Study The paper "Case of Valilas v Januzaj" is a good example of a case study on the law. Valilas v Januzaj [2014] EWCA Civ 436 is a recent English contract law case concerning when a repudiatory breach is legal (Palmer 1). Mr. Valilas entered an informal contract with Mr. Janujaz under which the latter would use his facility and equipment for dental treatment in exchange for half of his monthly earnings. Mr. Janujaz had another agreement with the resident Primary Care Trust (PCT), which paid him beforehand on a monthly basis for meeting the threshold of agreed units during that duration (Smithdale 1). He would refund any extra payments to PCT whenever the units were fewer than agreed. Mr. Janujaz discovered he could not keep up with the rates of refunds and stopped giving Mr. Valilas his dues (Steward and Dixon 1). Mr. Valilas responded by terminating the contract, forcing the contract between Mr. Janujaz and the PCT to end as well (Woods and Rowan 1). The issue came before the Court of Appeal to determine whether: Mr. Janujaz’s stopping of the monthly payments constituted a repudiatory breach; and if it was not, whether Mr. Valilas was responsible for any damages incurred by Mr. Janujaz by ceding his contract with the PCT. As Elliott and Hemming (1) noted, by a ratio of 2:1, the Court ruled that the non-payment did not constitute a repudiatory breach on the following grounds: a) the contract did not specify when the monthly payments were to be made; b) the duty to make timely payments was vague; it did not envisage the problem and did not specify actions that would constitute non-compliance with the terms; c) Mr Janujaz could have completed the repayments, though, at a later date; and Mr. Valilas was not at risk of any material loss due to the delayed payment.

English as a second language Free Essays

Since many years ago in Costa Rica has been implemented English as a second language in educational institutions. Thence, there have been a lot of teachers in order to teach this language to our students during elementary school and high school. However, this goal has been limited and in most cases is not met. We will write a custom essay sample on English as a second language or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is because many of the teachers do not have basis and rationale for teaching, in many schools across the country many of them do not speak the language or by 50%, do not have good pronunciation, grammar is incoherent and they don ‘t have secretaries skills to teach. Taking this as a starting point we can reach the conclusion of the importance of linguistics and how some of its branches can help teachers improve their classes. Some of these branches that teachers must considered in order to improve their classes are the following: sociolinguistic, phonology linguistic and second language acquisition. All teachers must know how people speak in the society, to understand this topic we have sociolinguistic that is precisely what is responsible for studying the way people speak in a specific society. Sociolinguistic contains many fields which is very important to know because it could help us improve the classes. Why? According with sociolinguistic one of the aspect that it consider is education, the more educated you are the better you speak that is really important; besides, gender is other aspect that you have to dominate especially when you need sort in which we are referring to man or woman, it said women speak better than men, they use more words and sentences it is something we should Consider when you are teaching. In other hands, the idioms should take into account, because we must know that in any region have idioms it means word that simplify a group of words, students must learn about it because may be they will be in contact with foreign people in a Job or they travel to another country. Also, is necessary to know about slang, this is what is known as vulgar vocabulary, as we student usually ask about expressions that they hear, as a teacher we must direct them which of these expressions must use according to the context. In addition, there are phrases that people use to soften the real meaning of a word (euphemism) for example, make love – copulate, teachers should know about these concepts because are synonyms in which is a topic that is taught in Costa Rica ‘s educative system. Race is another aspect very important to know, it determine the way that some people speak a language, for example, if a teacher teach Spanish at USA, especially in a state where most of the people speak Black American English, he or she must know that they reduce vowels, verb to be is deleted, they use â€Å"you was and they was† instead of â€Å"you were and they were†, etc. In order to understand the phrases. Also in sociolinguistic there is an especial meaning which is evolution, this is divided into two categories nee of them is â€Å"pidgin† (using a language that is not our language is Just to survive) and the other is Creole or native language, this one is very important to take account because here at Costa Rica we have Lemon is a province where most of the people speak Creole from Jamaica, this kind of language is not totally perfect for example; obsolete – me I GU mausoleum – I is good and idiolect – I am good; if a teacher is teaching in Lemon must of knowing interpreter these terms and try to correct them to speak at a correct way. Another aspect teachers must consider is profession, as we know occupations is another topic that needs to be taught at high school, according with professions people use technical words belong to a specific occupations, so teacher must teach to the student how to associate a specific word with an occupation, for example, legal-lower, trauma-doctor. To teach this topic the teacher can use cards, board games combining words adapted to occupations related to the profession and the profession name. Phonology study of phonemes-phoneme is the basic unit of sounds (pronunciation, accent, stress); with doubt, if a teacher has enough knowledge about their class will e improved considerably, now days most of the schools in Costa Rica must teach speaking English, to make students acquire a good pronunciation teachers have to emphasize vowel sounds. Also they need to know about diphthongs which is the combination of vowels. There are many kinds of activities to teach vowels especially in school, but the most effective one is audiovisual, fortunately now days the technology is closer to everyone, in most of the schools have video beam, laptops and speakers with these tools teachers can play, songs, videos in order to learn vowel sounds. In other hands, consonants are very important, remember that consonants are divided by two categories mainly which are the following: voiced (vocal cords vibrate) and voiceless (vocal cords don ;t vibrate), one of the main challenges facing teachers is to get students learn the correctly pronounce the words, so they have to let students know about the differences between consonants; one technique to obtain good results is make students work in groups, where they repeat the words identifying what has vibration and what not. To make easier this teaching the teacher would watch and guide students with the sounds and indicate when are continuant or stop, internal, alveolar-ridge, affricative or fricative and retroflex, certainly not due to give many details about this, but if we can do a little explanation Just let students learn to identify sounds. To end this essay, we must recognize that linguistic is very important and it should be known by teachers to make their lessons better, we know that to teach a second language teachers must know how do people speak in a society determined with all the fields of linguistic, such as, education, gender, idioms, slang, race, evolution, reversion, it is what we know as sociolinguistic. Also, teachers should implement techniques and activities such as audiovisual presentations to recognize the sounds of the vowels, in the other hand, for recognizing the consonant sounds one very effective technique is group formation where students learn to recognize when the consonants has vibration or not, of course, with the guidance and help of the teacher who must have extensive knowledge of all the implications in the pronunciation of consonants for example when are continuant or stop, internal, alveolar-ridge, affricative or fricative and retroflex. How to cite English as a second language, Papers

Gas Chromatography for Environmental Analysis Free Essays

Abstract The conventional one-dimensional gas chromatography (1D-GC) compared to a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC?GC) which provides the highest capacity, improved resolution and many of sensitivity. Additionally, it was create two-dimensional structure chromatogram, which is the proof of assistance in the composite class. Samples can often be minimized or even eliminated in some cases for the practice, as technology provides excellent separation power. We will write a custom essay sample on Gas Chromatography for Environmental Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now All these benefits make GC?GC in the toxic compounds involved in the determination of trace level environmental analysis of a very good tool in complex matrices. This paper summarizes some of the environmental analysis and review and monitoring of the GC?GC applications Introduction Many years of humans society development led to many of the world distribution of chemicals in the atmosphere, the Earth’s surface and land border. Many of these compounds are harmful to the world’s ecosystems and the people. Analysis of these compounds in the environment is important. When analytes have high vapor pressure, gas chromatography is the selection method. The main problem in the environmental analysis is to analyze the existence of material is usually very complex matrix trace. Result, a huge research work into the analysis of major environmental pollutants [1]. Methods used in environmental analysis is usually the same as in all aspects of practice. It includes sampling, sample preparation, separation and detection. All of these steps may benefit from change, it is usually the biggest limitations imposed by the separation step. In gas chromatography (GC) cases, the majority of environmental samples containing analyte and matrix components of many closely eluting peaks in a chromatographic dimension (1D) the maximum total capacity is greatly exceeded, and many coelutions and unresolved in the separation region was observed. This led to the analyte of interest and quantify the poor separation [1]. Poor resolution in the chromatographic analysis of sample preparation and detection of high demand for equipment placement. Expensive and labor-intensive sample preparation, and solvent waste may cause a lot of harmful to the environment. By microextraction method development, such as liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) and non-dissolved sample introduction system (ie, direct thermal desorption), has the potential to greatly simplify the sample preparation process, without sacrificing sensitivity and selectivity [2-5]. On investigation, lack of resolution often means using mass spectrometry (MS), including high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), in some cases, is necessary. Figure 1 illustrates the GC-MS encountered in the common problems [36]. In the analysis of food extracts commonly 1D-GC clinch with insecticides (Fig. 1b), trace interest (in this case chlorfenvinphos) coelute analyte and sample matrix is more abundant components. Results obtained for such compounds, mass spectrometry (Figure 1e) frequently contains compounds derived from fragments of interference, leading to poor matching and library mass spectrometry (Fig. 1d). MS overlap algorithm may greatly improve the quality of the information of coeluting peak, but they are not always successful, when the number of coelutions is high. Figure 1a shows, full 2D-GC (GC?GC) to increase space and improve the chromatographic separation of the resolution, resulting in the separation of analytes of interest (chlorfenvinphos) from coeluting compounds and matrix components. Result, improved the quality of the analyte mass (Fig. 1c), taking into account the proof of a more confident analysis of material (Figure 1d). It is possible that some coelutions exist; these may often solve efficiently overlap with the MS, leading to better results, while reducing the number of components when the coeluting. GC?GC separation with the increased power resulting in a successful demo nstration and quantification of analytes. Fig. 1 GC?GC–TOF MS versus 1D-GC–TOF MS for the analysis of a carrot extract. The highest-capacity problem in terms of conventional gas chromatography through multi-dimensional gas chromatography to cope (MDGC) implementation. In this method, one-dimensional (1D) chromatogram of a complex and unresolved part is subjected to the stationary phase coated with a second column separation of the other selectivity [1]. Although this method increases the 1D chromatographic part of the choice of chromatographic resolutions, this method with automation challenging, and only a few sample components can be adequately addressed. However, the many applications is good for the PCBs, pesticides and toxaphene analysis, among other things, the report with different degrees of success [6-12]. Overall, however, is the exact number of separation will be beneficial, if the entire sample is subjected to a separation in two dimensions. This became possible a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC?GC) in the introduction. Principle for Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC?GC) 2D-GC is a comprehensive method of fundamental solution to meet the highest capacity. A typical structure of GC?GC set in Figure 2. The basic structure of GC?GC using virtually is the same as the composition of 1D-GC. These include syringes, oven, columns and detectors. In a typical GC?GC system, using non-polar stationary phase coated with a thick coating of a long column was installed as the main column. The exports through a special interface or modem is connected to the entrance of the second dimension column coated with stationary phase of another selectivity. Modulator connected not only to primary and secondary column; its main role is repeated trapping of the effluent fractions from the first dimension and periodic injection of them to the form of narrow pulses separated into further chromatographic analysis. Because the operation of 2D-GC in the fast condition, the detector in the GC?GC selection is limited to those capable of fast data collection rate. For example, GC?GC de tector can include flame ionization detector (FID), electron capture detector (ECD), single atomic emission detector (AED), sulfur compounds optical detector (SCD), nitrogen photodetector compounds (NCD) and time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF MS). Modulator is the important part of the instrument, because it guarantees the separation is comprehensive and multidimensional [13]. In 1991, the first implementation of the GC?GC, the field has witnessed a number of modulator design [14]. Initially, the use of thermal adjustment of the heat modulator was implemented; however, the modular cryogenic liquid (liquid carbon dioxide or nitrogen) is currently the main use. Modulator at low temperatures within the system, each design has its own distinct advantages and limitations, making it suitable for analysis of the specific type. For example, the analysis of water pollutants has been developed an interface [19], when the buildings, and an in-house applications modulator in the quantitative analysis of PAHs and PCBs has been described [15]. Then, the modulator of the different types of analyte in the analysis of organohalogenated been evaluated [16]. The implementation of GC?GC provides the following advantage to surpass the 1D separation method: improvement separation strength; improved sensitivities; and constructs or highly predetermined, stratography spectrum. In the environment analysis, GC?GC has the potential to improve the toxic compound through the separation from the coeluting analysis and the matrix component, increases the detection limit such chemical product and provides the ideal for the surveillance application the two-dimensional stratography spectrum which constructs. Finally, this possibly causes to reduce to the smallest sample preparation procedure, and reduces analysis time. Other applications are also possible. For example, recently, GC?GC the product estimate which divided into for the diesel oil hydrocarbon environment had used, was important affected many ecosystems [17] the oil leak. Application of GC?GC in Environmental Analysis Water and Sediment Analysis The water is the most basic material to the life in planet. In order to estimate that the tap water safety for human consumption, the rapid, precise and the accurate method needs to analysis the water. The sediment is also important for river and the lake; The analysis of water pollutant is time-consuming sample preparation, follows by GC-MS analyzes. In the initial period realized that GC?GC has the great potential improvement to analysis water and sediment. In its earliest applications in this region, GC?GC was explained possibly from the common matrix interference which is separating the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) and methyl alcohol tert butyl ether (MTBE), when and SPME [18]. The separation strength of GC?GC is improved; MTBE and the benzene are the foundation line solution in the 2nd chromatograph analysis space. This research showed GC?GC has the great potential for water pollutant analysis by combination this technology with microextraction (head space SPME). Certain Earth’s freshwater body is polluted daily by petroleum and the oil contamination. In the 1970s, it is pays attention the petroleum sample stratography spectrum to exhibit a model, has not solved, foundation line which rises â€Å"hillock† [20]. Chromatogram is the complex part, including compound many different kinds, refers to â€Å"unsolution complex mixture† at present [21]. GC?GC-FID uses in analysis of two different freshwater sediments [21]. Observed the conventional sample preparation procedure, the author has used the superior resolution, and has constructed the chromatogram of sediment for UCM different levele by GC?GC. The chromatogram obtained for two samples provides by clue direction contamination important source researcher. , The research showed GC?GC the potential importantly in the environment law, for an environmental chemistry basic tool, environmental audit. The nonylphenol polyethylene ethoxides’ degenerated product, was possible feminine hormone splitter [22]. Increases the concern, NPs from the urban district [23] the water and the deposition present are found. GC?GC-TOF MS is the NP isomer separation from technical mixture [24] used. 41 components are identified. Figure 3 explanation GC?GC-TOF MS application to NP isomer respective ion trace analysis from identical research. Two NP stave products were explained that m/z 135 (chart 3a) and m/z 149 (chart 3b). Two chromatogram exhibition group type separation, emphasizes by the connection compound peak maximum value in the identical homologous family incline line. It from as a result of various NP isomer structure similarity, the complete separation is the very difficult this chart is obvious. However, other resolution strength by GC?GC provided â€Å"cleanly† the mass spectrum to provide, made the analysis proof to be easier. Fig. 3. Extracted ion GC?GC–TOF MS chromatograms of a technical nonylphenyl (NP) mixture GC?GC for to the environment pollutant’s analysis was recently the application current in oceanic deposit [25]. A qualitative method has developed, fast and is unified according to the tendency by the ultrasonic wave assistance’s extraction to the complex sample’s high resolution analysis provides to GC?GC-TOF UAE which is fast and high efficiency selective sampling pretreatment procedure is utilized solid sample [30]. A high efficiency and has the selective sample preparation method, when the powerful separation method GC?GC combine with UAE can causes 1500 kind of more than several not aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) the compound and the certificate resolution, NPs and dialkylated benzene. Once more, GC?GC not only ability from each other isolation analysis, and has proven from the sample matrix priceless. The carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, PAHs is many industry activity by-product and the universal existence is distributed in the environment. Because it requests the hard sledding and has the selective sample preparation, they in the deposition sample’s trace determination are difficult. The improvement to complex matrix’s PAHs, the Cavagnino trace analysis with GC?GC-FID [large-volume splitless injection (LVSI) technology]. Sample complex which analyzes is many deposition sample representative who obtains from the river and the lake. Separated and investigates seven PAHs which diluted in the synthesis diesel oil to demonstrate the LVSI- GC?GC-FID potential achievement in the low ppb level for to trace amount analysis one powerful and the rapid tool in complex matrix PAHs. While, Ong. and so on has developed a PAHs rapid surveillance method probably in the soil sample, utilizes liquid extraction (PLE) – GC?GC-FID [27]. The current publishing work is merely GC?GC latent serviceable demonstration to deposition sample PAH analysis. In brief, with the resolution which improves, improvement many sensitivities and the stratography spectrum which orders, GC?GC may add on the result which effective and the rapid sample preparation method produces cannot be achieved by the routine analysis procedure. Analysis of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and some polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners is dominated by bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the environment and thus is a dangerous The wildlife and people. Many are suspected carcinogens and induced changes of [28]. Of PCBs, dioxins and furans in the environment assessment of certain requirements of a method to isolate and quantify them in complex samples such as food, soil and water. GC?GC provides one advantageous method in complex matrix’s PCDDs and the PCDFs analysis. In its one of early experiments, a liquid crystal main column and a limitless secondary column (according to steam pressure separation) uses in (according to the planarity separation) separates the tone – and from technical mixture [30] non-straight PCB congeners. The connection GC?GC microelectron captures investigates (MECD) is toxic PCBs, PCDDs and the PCDFs determination is the application in the cod liver sample [29]. The analysis result showed all 12 priority PCB from liver sample congeners, and most toxic Dai Aoxin and fu nan the full separation and the proof nail fast with 90 PCBs and 17 contain poison PCDDs and PCDFs. Moreover, when compares with the standard sample preparation procedure, the liver sample pretreatment does not have the selectivity and reduces to is smallest. It has included the direct injection and fractionation followed cell degree of illness gradually dra ws back, the centrifuge process to enter GC?GC the system. Figure 4 showing from the 2nd stratography spectrum which obtains to the cod liver sample’s analysis. Recently, an item of multilaboratory research has been conducted in food sample, analyzes PCDD/Fs and World Health Organization PCBs through once more GC?GC-MECD and the GC-HRMS comparison and the explanation GC?GC great potential in the rapid surveillance application [31]. With the standard analysis method comparison GC?GC, GC?GC the performance is unified (GC?GC-ID-TOF MS) has to 13C mark isotopic dilution (ID) TOF MS conventional GC-HRMS to appraise [32]. Quantification 17 PCDD/Fs and four PCBs nail fast in the soil and in the deposition sample are two methods are comparable. However, GC?GC implementation request only smallest sample preparation, and causes the signal improvement (factor 5-10), superior resolution, lower instrumentation expense, and improved TOF the MS data [32] the ghost overlaps legitimately. As highest capacity which and resolution result increases, the unknown compound’s proof is possible. Fig. 4 GC?GC–ECD chromatogram of a cod liver sample spiked with 90 PCBs [29]. Pesticide Analysis Forms the challenge to the pesticide analysis to analyze the chemist to prepare about the sample to make the law and the chromatography. Is similar other toxic compound, the pesticide is usually distributed in the trace amount environment. Moreover, they are extreme complex matrix part of for example foods, the soil and the water sample. Needs to be like today presses to the rapid high resolution analysis method. GC?GC the application early showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in person’s organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GC?GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in person’s blood serum [33] the pesticide. To were few from the sharp person’s blood serum extraction’s 15 pesticide’s foundation line segments achieve in four minutes. Later, GC?GC-FID to estimate that the child pesticide exposure has been utilized through the use urine and the blood serum [34] low-power. This special example in were few showed 16 pesticide complete separations in four minutes. Recently, has been demonstrated including PCBs and the organic chlorine pesticide 59 organization pollutant’s proof and the quantification [35]. But GC?GC-ID-TOF MS completed the comparable result author who ran in standard routine analysis (GC-ID-TOFMS) to indicate that analyzed like this, three different injection needs . GC?GC the application early showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in person’s organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GC?GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in person’s blood serum [33]. Pesticide determination in food extract is similarly important. Separated using GC?GC-TOF MS and identifies 58 pesticides to nail fast completely on the vegetable was explained [36]. This completed with has been smallest and the non-selective sample preparation: The celery or the carrot sample and the sodium acetate and the ethyl acetate have chopped, mixed, was mixed, has been separated, and is dried. The extract is injected entered GC?GC [36]. Recently, separated 12 halogenate compound kind of groups five different GC?GC column combination to appraise, including PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, multi-chlorobenzene diphenyl ester (PCDEs), multi-chlorobenzene naphthalene (PCNs), multi-chlorobenzene dibenzothiophenes (PCDTs), multi-chlorobenzene terphenyl (PCTs), multi-chlorobenzene alkane (PCAs), toxaphene, multi-bromination biphenyl (PBBs), multi-bromination diphenyl ether (PBDEs) and organic chlorine pesticide (OCPs) [37]. Although this article focal point is the different compound kind of major group separates, was also explained in the family separation. When the separation and proof all 28 OCPs are pure pesticide mixture has only been demonstrated that majority has been separated fully, since, when injects along other 11 compound kind of [37]. Therefore, its as if that the column establishment which disposes appropriately with one, GC?GC may use takes mainly shields step for the environment sample contamination and along pollutant m any other kind of pesticides, with smallest sample preparation. Air Analysis Volatile organic compound (VOCs) in metropolis photochemical smog [38] the generation plays a strong character. The World Health Organization thought that possibly has to the air granular material’s exposition to the human health [39] the ill effect. But, uncertainty existence about from VOCs health effect in metropolis granular material (PM) [40]. Therefore, requests rapid, reliable and information method guarantee in air pollutant successful surveillance, proof and discovery. Many PAHs and PAHs (oxy-PAHs) which oxidizes is the carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, with, therefore they are in the metropolis aerosol analysis profitable target analysis. GC?GC-FID and GC?GC four-pole MS (QMS) is applied permits from Finland about 1500 peaks goal PAHs [41] investigates in the metropolis air sample and the proof. But woman is unified the method for the compound proof and the quantification, used GC?GC-FID the combination to confirm the good reproducibility. 13 non-goal PAHs has been identified, and ten goal PAHs by quota. Found PAH centralism scope (0.5-5.5 ng/m3) with in Europe [41] other parts of standard methods obtained the result was comparable. The cigarette smoke is estimate extreme complex mixture component [43] which has not recognized including about 4,700 kind of identification’s compound and 100,000. GC?GC-TOFMS utilizes the solution approximately from the cigarette smoke [43] 30,000 peaks. After this, analyzes cigarette smoke condensate simpler sample determination neutrality score [44], basic score [45] and acidic score [46] chemical composition. Conventional GC-MS possible to separate 200 unknown peaks and identifies 115 hydrocarbons from the cigarette condensate limitless neutral scores; To identical sample GC?GC analysis, however, has achieved 4,000 kind of compound separations and 1,800 hydrocarbons [44] proved. In another research, GC?GC-TOF has identified 377 kind of nitrogen-containing compound to the cigarette condensate’s basic score’s MS analysis, in 155 is the pyridine derivative, 104 kinds kui lin or different kui lin derivative and 56 kind of pyrazine derivative [45]. Conclusions GC?GC has achieved the condition rapidly for to the volatile organic compound analysis most powerful tool. It appoints oneself achievement to be suitable completely for in the complex sample surveillance analysis technology. In the environment analyzed area, this includes PCBs by the analysis many example testimony to the common environment pollutant, PCDDs, PCDFs, PAHs and the pesticide in the complex environment matrix. Moreover, GC?GC has the potential to simplify the sample preparation procedure (even completely to eliminate them), when simultaneously causes when the shorter overall analysis time high resolution stratography spectrum. Regarding widely a new analysis method which adopts, not only it is certainly reliable and renewable, but it should also exhibit the significant advantage to surpass the method which accepts. The example reported the showing GC?GC method advantage in this review in the traditional 1DGC separation. In GC?GC historical first years period, the instrumentation development is the main focal point; However, from GC?GC system’s commercialization, the application quantity which reported greatly increases in the environment analysis and other scientific fields. Therefore, we may anticipate that the transition automation GC?GC is unified on-line sample which the correspondence uses to prepare gradually the equipment in the regular environmental monitoring. References 1. Marriott PJ. Haglund P, Ong RCY. Clin Chim Acta. 2003, 328:1–19. 2. Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction, theory and practice. Wiley, New York. 1997. 3. Pawliszyn J. (1999) Applications of solid phase microextraction. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 4. Dettmer K, Engewald W. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2002, 373: 490–500. 5. Butrym E. LC-GC. 1999, 17:S19–S24. 6. de Geus H-J, Wester PG, Schelvis A, de Boer J, Brinkman UATh. J Environ Monit. 2000, 2:503–511. 7. Mrowetz SHJ. J Chromatogr A. 1983, 279:173–187. 8. Duinker JC, Schultz DE, Petrick G. Mar Pollut Bull. 1998, 19:19–25. 9. Storr-Hansen E. Int J Environ Anal Chem.1991, 43:253–266. 10. Silvis LD, Kapila S, Yan Q, Elseewi AA. J Chromatogr A.1994, 688:221–230. 11. Schurig V, Reich S. Chirality. 1998, 10:425–429. 12. Liem DAK. Trends Anal Chem. 1999, 18:499–507. 13. Giddings JC. Anal Chem. 1984, 6:1258A–1270A. 14. Liu Z, Phillips JB. J Chromatogr Sci.1991, 29:227–231. 15. Hyotylainen T, Kallio M, Hartonen K, Jussila M, Palonen S, Riekkola M-L. Anal Chem. 2002, 74:4441–4446. 16. Kristenson EM, Korytar P, Danielsson C, Kallio M, Brandt M, Makela J, Vreuls RJJ, Beens J, Brinkman UATh. J Chromatogr A. 2003, 1019:65–77. 17. Arey JS, Nelson RK, Xu L, Reddy CM. Anal Chem. 2005, 77:7172–7182. 18. Gaines RB, Ledford EB, Stuart JD. J Microcol Sep. 1998, 10:597–604. 19. Beens J, Dalluge J, Adahchour M, Vreuls JJR, Brinkman UATh. J Microcol Sep. 2001, 13:134–140. 20. Blumer M, Souza G, Sass J. Mar Biol. 1970, 5:195–202. 21. Frysinger GS, Gaines RB, Xu L, Reddy CM. Environ Sci Technol. 2003, 37:653–1662. 22. Mueller SO. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2004, 378:582–587. 23. Ieda T, Horii Y, Petrick G, Yamashita N, Ochiai N, Kannan K. Environ Sci Technol. 2005, 39:7202–7207. 24. Moeder M, Martin C, Schlosser D, Harynuk J, Gorecki T. J Chromatogr A. 2006, 1107:233–239. 25. Morales-Munoz S, Vreuls RJJ, Luque de Castro MD. J Chromatogr A. 2005, 1086:122–127. 26. Cavagnino D, Magni P, Zilioli G, Trestianu S. J Chromatogr A. 2003, 1019:211–220. 27. Ong R, Lundstedt S, Haglund P, Marriott P. J Chromatogr A. 2003, 1019:221–232. 28. Schwarzenbach RP, Gschwend PM, Imboden DM. Environmental organic chemistry, 2nd edn. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ. 2003. 29. Korytar P, Leonards PEG, de Boer J, Brinkman UATh. J Chromatogr A. 2002, 958:203–218. 30. Haglund P, Harju M, Ong R, Marriott P. J Microcol Sep. 2001, 13:306–311. 31. Danielsson C, Wiberg K, Korytar P, Bergek S, Brinkman UATh, Haglund P. J Chromatogr A. 2005, 1086:61–70. 32. Focant J-F, Reiner EJ, MacPherson K, Kolic T, Sjodin A, Patterson DG Jr, Reese SL, Dorman FL, Cochran J. Talanta. 2004, 63:1231–1240. 33. Liu Z, Sirimanne SR, Patterson DG Jr, Needham LL. Anal Chem. 1994, 66:3086–3092. 34. Dimandja J-M, Grainger J, Patterson DG Jr, Turner WE, Needham LL. J Exp Anal Environ Epidem. 2000, 10:761–768. 35. Focant J-F, Sjodin A, Turner WE, Patterson DG Jr. Anal Chem. 2004, 76:6313–6320. 36. Dalluge J, van Rijn M, Beens J, Vreuls RJJ, Brinkman UATh. J Chromatogr A. 2002, 965:207–217. 37. Korytar P, Leonards PEG, de Boer J, Brinkman UATh. J Chromatogr A. 2005, 1086:29–44. 38. Fowler D, Coyle M, Ashmore MR, Bower J, Williams ML, Smith R, Dollard GJ, Lee DS, Jenkin M, Stedman JR, Cox RA, Derwent RG, Harrison RM, Hewitt CN, Maynard RL, Penkett SA, Weston KJ, Woods PJ, Burgess RA, Anderson R. Fourth Report of the Oxidants Review Group 75-104. UK Department of the Environment, Transport and Regions, London. 1997. 39. WHO. Health aspects of air pollution with particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide. World Health Organization, Bonn. 2003. 40. Welthagen W, Schnelle-Kreis J, Zimmermann R. J Chromatogr A. 2003, 1019:233–249. 41. Kallio M, Hyotilainen T, Lehtonen M, Jussila ML, Hartonen K, Shimmo M, Riekkola M-L. J Chromatogr A. 2003, 1019:251– 260. 42. Schnelle-Kreis J, Welthagen W, Sklorz M, Zimmermann R. J Sep Sci. 2005, 28:1648–1657. 43. Dalluge J, van Stee LLP, Xu X, Williams J, Beens J, Vreuls RJJ, Brinkman UATh. J Chromatogr A.2002, 974:169–184. 44. Lu X, Zhao M, Kong H, Cai J, Wu J, Wu M, Hua R, Liu J, Xu G. J Chromatogr A. 2004, 1043:265–273. 45. Lu X, Zhao M, Cai J, Kong H, Wu J, Wu M, Hua R, Liu J, Xu G. J Sep Sci. 2004, 27:101–109. 46. Lu X, Cai J, Zhao M, Kong H, Wu J, Wu M, Hua R, Liu J, Xu G. Anal Chem. 2004, 74:4441–4451. How to cite Gas Chromatography for Environmental Analysis, Essay examples

Study Skills _ A Report

Question: Describe about the following report simply discusses and outlines ethical consumerism and what value it holds in businesses, where ethical consumerism refers to the emphasis on the consideration of ethics and morals when producing and delivering products? Answer: Executive Summary The following report simply discusses and outlines ethical consumerism and what value it holds in businesses, where ethical consumerism refers to the emphasis on the consideration of ethics and morals when producing and delivering products. For the purpose of this report, Starbucks, one of the largest retailers of coffee worldwide, is used as an example so as to explain the significance of ethical consumerism to business originations. A detailed analysis and explanation has been provided below so as to understand how and why Starbucks operates ethically. Additionally, a short summery of a self conducted opinion survey regarding the factors influencing consumer buying behavior has been included. Introduction A frequently asked question regarding ethical consumerism would be are the customers always right? in response to this question, several organizations have begun to please their customers by fulfilling their demands and needs in order to secure their social and personal wellbeing. Research conducted by Tallointire, Rentsendorj Blowfiled in 2001, identified ethical consumerism as the underlying key to reinforcement of ethical trade activities. It has been since the 1970s, a considerable amount of attention has been paid to ethical problems regarding businesses which in turn are of great interest to several business and academic practitioners. Ethics can be defined as the values and morals underlining behavior (Smith, 1990). We all are aware of the concept of right and wrong; ethics simply serve the purpose of determining whether a behavior or action is right or wrong. Ethics play an essential role, especially when making decisions; those who possess morals, eliminate their changes of behaving unethically in society. Hence, ethics can be said to play a significant role be it in any aspect of society i.e. business, education etc. For this particular report, an understanding of the term consumer ethics is required; consumer ethics refers to the consideration of ethics from a consumers perspective. Ethical Consumerism Ethical consumerism refers to the emphasis on the consideration of ethics and morals when producing and delivering products. Several moral and ethical aspects such as environmental and social issues have become of high significance especially in the business world. Sensitive issues like animal testing, child labor, suppression or prevention of labor unions etc. are attended with high regard especially when launching products into the market. Valor (2007) defines the act of consumers demanding implementation of human rights in the product manufacturing process, as the ethical consumerism. Similarly, Barnett et al. 2005 shed light on how consumption processes are nowadays shaped by ethical dispositions. This notion of ethical consumption has led to the development of a new culture, often regarded to as the consumer culture, known to have found its way into every aspect along with all types of consumer related businesses. In the recent times, a great amount of growth of ethical consumerism has been witnessed across the globe; this is demonstrated by their increasing consumption (per capita) of western countries, which also happens to parallel at a constant rise with consumer expenditure that is also well adjusted to inflation. According to Strong (1996), there are four specific reasons behind the increase in ethical consumerism in the recent years, where these reasons include shifting values in regards of sustainable development, increased availability of alternative products, greater availability increased amounts of information and increasing media coverage. Adding to this list, Harrison et al. (2005) has recognizes the shift of market power favoring consumers, rising transnational brands corporations and market globalization, as other possible reasons to why and what may be causing or resulting in this ethicality boom. These listed reasons are known to have affected the number of ethical consumers present in the current market, to a great extent. A recent report on ethical consumerism in UK by the co-operative Bank, discussed the willingness of one third of the UK consumers to challenge organizations not complying with the decided ethical standards. Ethical consumerism allows consumers to think and question the production and sourcing of the products available in market i.e. the environmental and social impact the products manufacturing process has had. Several product areas such as travel tourism, food beverages, clothing, banking influence, energy etc. fall within the ethical category (Hurtado, 1998).. For this reason, a number of initiatives for creating codes of conduct and ethical trade labels have been taken up; one example would be the Fair-trade Labeling Organizations International. Company Review For this particular segment of the report, ethical sourcing or ethical consumerism at Starbucks has been reviewed. Launched in the 1970s, Starbucks currently holds the position as the worlds largest retailer of coffee, with being spread over 19000 locations across 60+ countries; they consider themselves as being positioned at the higher quality end of coffee supplies. As their motto specifies, they believe in inspiring and nurturing the human spirit one cup, one person one neighbor hood at a time. In collaboration with Conservation International, Starbucks has been able to develop ethical sourcing guidelines that allow them to purchase ethically traded and responsible grown coffee; they ensure sustainable supply of high quality coffee. From what is known, Starbucks has developed several coffee and farmer equity practices along with cocoa practices that guarantee ethically sourced and high quality supply of cocoa and coffee. Their practices of C.A.F.E and Cocoa, include environmentally sound processing and cultivation practices, economic accountability and social responsibility. Starbucks is known for its holistic approach that comprises of responsible practice purchases, programs for forest conservation, loan programs and farmer support centers. They believe that buying coffee at Starbucks helps foster a better and improved future for its farmers and alleviates the effect of climate change on the planet. Apart from serving high quality coffee, Starbucks is also known for having impacted the lives of millions of farmers employed by the thousands of contributing farms (King, 2000). Their C.A.F.E i.e. Coffee and Farmer Equity approach not only ensures delivery of premier quality coffee but alongside is regarded for promoting economic, social and environmental standards. The practices of C.A.F.E. had been developed in collaboration with Conservation International (CI) over a decade ago. It allows them to measure the true and accurate impact of their purchasing programs on the producers and farmers participating in the production of their products; they intend to increase the long-term sustainability of their contributing farms. As of 2015, Starbucks has managed to successfully achieve their goal of having their entire coffee products meet the outlined standards for ethical sourcing through their C.A.F.E practices along with other Fair-trade or other externally certified or verified programs. By the end of 2013 95.3% of their coffee products had be ethically sourced. Starbucks believes that their purchase of third-party verified or certified coffee not only effectively meetings the expectations of their customers but also allows them to ensure environmental protection along with a promising livelihood for its farmers (Collinson, 2000). As previously mentioned, Starbucks in collaboration with Conservation International, has developed ethical sourcing guidelines that allow for them to help their farms and reduce the impact of climate change on the planet. Their guidelines comprise of an inclusive set of quantifiable standards focused on four areas: economic accountability, product quality, social responsibilit y and environmental leadership. In order to ensure economic accountability, Starbucks expects its workers and suppliers to maintain an economic transparency (Robins, 2007). For instance, it expects its suppliers and workers to maintain a record of all the payments made through the chain of coffee supply so as to able to provide evidence for the expenditure being made on obtaining coffee from the farms. Similarly, Starbucks maintains product quality by ensuring that their coffee meets their standards of high quality. Additionally, as a measure for social responsibility, their guidelines include measures protecting worker rights along with ensuing fair, safe and humane living and working conditions. Starbucks ensures fulfillment of the minimum wage requirements and prohibits any forced or child labor activities. And finally, for acquiring environmental leadership, the outlined guidelines allow Starbucks to help manage their waste and water quality, encourage preservation of biodiversity, reduction of use of agrochemi cals and conservation of energy water. Opinion Survey In response to the conducted opinion survey, four factors seem to be coming across as the major factors influencing consumer buying behavior, where these would be social, cultural, psychological and personal factors. But first let us defined buying behavior; buying behavior refers to the decision process of the consumer that is involved in the act of purchasing and using goods (Mori, 1998). The outlined factors are highly responsible for developing brand and product preferences among consumers. Although, it is highly unlikely for organizations to ensure control of all these factors, an understanding of their effect on consumerism can be studied so as to develop strategies that appeal to the targeted market. During a purchase, the consumer is subjected to a decision process which includes recognition of problem, searching for information, evaluating alternatives, decision for purchasing and post behavior purchase. This decision process along with the buying behavior is to a high degree influenced by social, cultural, psychological and personal characteristics. Social factors refer to ones social group, his/her role, relationship within family, social status etc. In other words, it takes into account the influences of others on ones decision making process (Piu, 2000). Similarly, social factors refer to the subcultural, cultural and social class of the consumer; such factors are often inherited and built into our values and morals. On the other hand, psychological factors refer to ones perception, belief, attitude, level of motivation and learning. Ones view of a product is highly crucial, making it the most influencing factor out of all. Finally, personal factors such as occupation, age, lifecycle stage, lifestyle, economic status, self concept, personality etc. also influence consumer decision process (Mintel, 1998). These may be the reason why consumer preferences change with personal changing circumstances or situation. Apart from these, it is important to understand that other people are also highly responsible of influencing consumer buying behavior; for this reason, it becomes essential for marketers to know of the individuals involved in decision making and their roles in order for them to aim their marketing strategies at these individuals too. Conclusion Ethical consumerism has become the central dimension within the organizational culture, known for influencing an organizations decision regarding the marketplace. Studying ethical consumption allows organizations to step out of their economist point of view that solely allows for them to rationally set goals that aim for maximum utility (Coddington, 1993). It is essential to understand that by questioning organizations of their ethical sourcing, consumers are not evaluating the product quality and prices, but simply adding another criterion to the produce selection process. For this reason, the definition of ethical consumerism has become an issue of concern worldwide. In 1996, strong argued that ethical consumerism simply refers to the consumers buying behavior that simply reflects its concern for the emerging third world problems. Similarly, Langeland in 1999 defined ethical consumerisms as the process of considering the wider implications of a consumers purchase decision and attempting to favor consumer products that ensure social and environmental responsibility. In other words, this concept can be considered in line with the idea of caring at distance. Barnett et al, in 2005, discusses the concept of transforming the concern consumers have for their close ones to active caring for distant others. Recommendation Starbucks should get a better understanding of its weaknesses and strengths of its programs allowing their organization to adopt better practices over time. For instance, Starbucks may want to focus on obtaining feedback through conducting surveys among their suppliers, farmers, workers regarding their organizational system and use it leverage the network or system of the farmer support center that addresses ethical issues. Similarly, they may want to identify the specific regions that result in higher rates of their program practices and perhaps also identify the regions where their practices are easier or more difficult to implement. Furthermore, by investing in monitoring programs such as chain certification and verification programs, Starbucks can develop an insight into how effective their C.A.F.E practices have been in impacting farm management and the farmers livelihood. References 1. CODDINGTON, W. (1993) Environmental Marketing. Positive Strategies for Reaching the Green Consumer. Maidenhead: McGraw Hill. 2. COLLINSON, C., LEON, M. (2000) Economic Viability of Ethical Cocoa Trading in Ecuador. Chatham, UK. Natural Resources Institute, Natural Resources and Ethical Trade Programme. www.nri.org/NRET/nret.htm3. HURTADO, M. E. (1998) Changing consumer expectations and choices. In: Environmental Responsibility in World Trade. London: British Council.4. KING, MARCUS (2000) Small Hands, Big Business. London: Save the Children.5. LANG, T., HINES, C. (1993) The New Protectionism. London: Earthscan Publications. 6. LANGLAND, L. (1998) On Communicating the Complexity of a Green Message. Part 1: The Max Havelaar Case. Greener Management International.7. MINTEL (1998) Marketing Intelligence: Fresh Fruit and Vegetables. 8. MORI (1998) Citizens want Tough Environmental Action Now. Summary of MORI polls and surveys. 9. MURPHY, D. F., BENDELL, J. (1997) In the Company of Part ners. Bristol: Policy Press.10. NEWHOLM, T. (1999) Considering the Ethical Consumer and Summing up the Case Studies. Excerpts from draft PhD thesis.11. PIU (2000) Rights of Exchange: Social, Health, Environmental and Trade Objectives on the Global Scale. London: Cabinet Office, Performance and Innovation Unit. 12. ROBINS, N., ROBERTS, S. (207) Unlocking Trade Opportunities. Changing Consumption and Production Patterns. London: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)/UN Department of Policy Co-ordination and Sustainable Development 13. SHAW, D., SHUI, E., CLARKE, I. (in press) Ethical consumption: the contribution of ethical obligation and self-identity to the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Marketing Management.14. SMITH, N. C. (1990) Morality and the Market. Consumer Pressure for Corporate Accountability. London: Routledge.

Immigration Problem In The U.S. Essay Example For Students

Immigration Problem In The U.S. Essay Immigration Problem in the U.S. The first move stopping immigration decided by Congress was a law in 1862 restricting American vessels to transport Chineseimmigrants to the U.S. The Alien Contract Labor Laws of 1885, 1887, 1888, and 1891 restricted the immigration to the U.S. of people entering the country to work under contracts made before their arrival. Alien skilled laborers, under these laws, were allowed to enter the U.S. to work in new industries. By this time anti-immigrant felling rose with the flood of immigrants and in this period the anti-Catholic, anti-foreign political party the Know-Nothings, was already born. After World War I a marked increase in racism and the growth of isolationist sentiment in the U.S. led to demands for further tight legislation. In 1921 a congressional act provided for a quota system for immigrants, which the number of aliens of any nationality admitted to the U.S. in a year could not exceed 3 percent of the number of foreign-born residents of that nationality living in the U. S. in 1910. This law applied to nations of Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Asian Russia, and certain islands in the Atlantic and Pacific. In the 1980s concern about the surge of illegal aliens into the U.S. has led Congress to pass legislation aimed at cutting illegal immigration. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 allows most illegal aliens who have resided in the U.S. regularly since January 1, 1982, to apply for legal status. Also, the law prohibits employers from hiring illegal aliens and mandates penalties for violations. Debate over immigration and immigration policy is not new to the nations history. From time to time, Congress jarred legislation to control the flow of immigration. As immigration rises and hatred grows more laws will be implemented trying to release some of the pressure. Illegal immigration has some pros and cons. I will discuss the pros first and explain them briefly in order for you to get a better underezding of the position. It offers cheaper labor to businesses. By not paying minimum wages to the workers who are willing to work for a lower price, this gives the business an edge over other competitors. Provides culture diversity in the united states. Bringing in immigrants gives more and different cultures to the U.S.. which can expand businesses to other fields of the world. Also giving people a more underezding of other cultures. Lowers the cost of products produced in the U.S. that we buy. If the businesses can produce products and services at a low price keeping there overhead low, then we as a consumer will also pay a lower price. Most illegals are skilled workers and helps run the economy. Other countries economy is also being helped. The workers bring money to their families out side of the U.S. which in mostcases the U.S. dollar has a higher value than their own. Experts disagree saying the cons of this issue out way the pros. Next I will discuss some cons and explain them briefly. Illegalimmigrants pay no tax. If they pay no taxes then how can we as a country pay for public services we as well as they do. Sending money out of our economy and sending it to their families abroad. If money is taken out of our economy it causes a monetary problem. this can cause an inaccurate account of money in circulation which might cause inflation. Lower wages. If an illegal is willing to work for under the minimum wage then the employer will not pay more for the job to any other employ. In fact might higher only illegals and take away jobs form legal residents who are willing to work. When illegals come to this country they do not get tested for diseases that might infect the population. Which can cause a healthproblem. Such as polio, tuberculosis and other forms of diseases. Illegals cost the states money, paying for education, health care, and other social services. In an already under funded programs they give these services a more heavy burden to deal with. Republicans have reached agreement among themselves on legislation designed to combat illegal immigration. But with their package facing delaying tactics from Senate Democrats and a veto from the president, they finished the week of Sept. 2 uncertain of their next move1 Republicans need to show we can govern,2 said bill sponsor Lamar Smith, R-Texas. We need to show we can pass good legislation.3 Dianne Feinstein (d-Calif.) called for tough and controversial enforcement measures, including imposing a toll on anyone entering the united states to raise revenues to beef up the Border patrol.4 Sen. Alan Simpson (R-Wyo.) one of senates leading authorities on immigration issues, also proposed a similar border tax ten years ago, but was defeat in senators fearing it would detour tourists.5Referring to the Democrats If they want to go home and do nothing about illegal immigration, thats a gross violation of what we should be doing,6 said Sen. Alan K. Simpson, R-Wyo., sponsor of the Senate bill. Sen. Edward M. Kennedy, D-Mass., and other Democrats on the Immigration Subcommittee said Republicans would have to choose between passing an immigration bill, or proving their ideological purity on the public school issue.7 Both democrats and republicans agree that illegal immigration should be dealt with. The problem is they cant agree on anyonepurposes given to them. The Democrats say it is the Republicans fault, the Republicans say it is the Democrats fault. With this type of finger pointing neither of them will gain a fast decisive action to resolve the problem. When it comes to illegal immigrants there are a lot of interest groups that have been involved in this issue. From businesses to governments agencies. First the businesses, especially in agriculture. Agriculture employs more undocu mented workers than any other industry in thecountry. Half of Californias 700,000 farm workers are estimated to be undocumented. Three decades ago, the percentage of foreign-born farm workers in California was 50 percent,8 the Chronicle stated. Now it is 92 percent.9 Agriculture, however, is not the only industry with an insatiable need for the cheap labor provided by immigrants. Published by the Chronicle, a list of businesses fined by the INS in San Francisco includes a car rental company, construction firms, restaurants, clubs, a trucker, a travel agency and even a Proteezt church.10 Everywhere one looks today, one sees immigrant workers cleaning rooms in hotels, mowing lawns in the suburbs, pumping gas in service stations, doing janitorial chores in countless workplaces, toiling in the garment industry and doing all sorts of temporary jobs. These business groups have a lot of interest in illegal immigration. They provide cheaper labor which cuts costs and causesbetter competitio n. Richard Rogers, district director of the INS in Los Angeles, was quoted as saying: If we were to increase fines 75 to 80 percent, we would probably have a lot of people out of business.11 Government agencies are also involved. The new immigration legislation nearly doubles the size of the Border Patrol. In addition, National Guard and active-duty armed forces personnel are used more and more along the border. Local police forces are also being authorized to enforce immigration law, says Roberto Martinez of the American Friends Service Committees U.S./Mexico border program.12 Possible solutions to the problem. Faster citizens processing,.. helping illegals countrys economy such as NAFTA which is already in affect. Some suggest tamper proof residency cards, computerize the I.N.S., increases the number of boarder patrol agents, and build a wall around the U.S. and problem countries. There has been many suggestions made in dealing with this problem. The Gallegly bill is one of them. If ever completed by House-Senate conferees, is likely to include several conditions already adopted in similar form by both chambers. As passed by the House and Senate, the bill would: Increase the number of border patrol agents by 1,000 each year between 1996 and 2000, roughly doubling the force to reach 10,000. Make it difficult for people caught trying to enter the United States illegally, or overstaying a visa, from being granted visas in the future. Establish pilot programs in which employers could electronically check the immigration status of their employees. Restrict public benefits for legal immigrants by increasing the time for which their sponsors are responsible for them. This section ispartially obtained by the welfare law, which denies benefits to many legal immigrants. Allows the deportation of legal immigrantswho illegally accepted public benefits for 12 months or more. Besides the Gallegly provision, which is in the House bill only, conferees face two other issues with major disagreements between the two chambers:The House would require that any family wishing to sponsor alegal immigrant earn at least twice the poverty rate. The Senatebill would require the family to earn an income one-fourth higherthan the poverty rate. The House bill would also make it much moredifficult to apply for political asylum, both for those who applyupon entry into the United States or for those already on U.S. soil. Immigration experts generally agree that the Clinton Administration has devoted more attention to immigration than either of its two Republican predecessors and he always has at least two reactions: his initial public statement (determined largely bypublic-opinion polls, which show support for restrictions), and then the actual policy (as determined by his advisors and the various special interests they represent). Clinton proposed legislation that included expedited exclusion for frivolous asylum claimants, an increase in INS asylum personnel, and var ious anti-smuggling provisions. President Clintons record on legal immigration. In June 1995, the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, chaired by the late Barbara Jordan, recommended a modest cut in legal immigration and the elimination of some extended-family immigration categories. Nine Parts of Desire Essay 8. Moises Sandoval ,National Catholic Reporter, 6/28/96, Vol. 32 Issue 33, p20. 9. Moises Sandoval ,National Catholic Reporter, 6/28/96, Vol. 32 Issue 33, p20. 10. Moises Sandoval ,National Catholic Reporter, 6/28/96, Vol. 32 Issue 33, p20. 11. Moises Sandoval ,National Catholic Reporter, 6/28/96, Vol. 32 Issue 33, p20. 12. Moises Sandoval ,National Catholic Reporter, 6/28/96, Vol. 32 Issue 33, p20. BibliographyTaylor, Monica. Workbook For Political science 5, Western Custom Publishing. Conover, Ted. A Journey Through the Secret World of Americas Illegal Aliens. Vintage, 1987. Hutchinson, E. P. Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 1798-1965. Pennsylvania, 1981. Bontemps, Arna and Conroy, Jack. Anyplace But Here. Hill Wang, 1966. May, Charles Paul. The Uprooted. Westminster, 1976. Carney,Dan, Social Policy Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 9/7/96, Vol. 54 Issue 36,p2531. Miller,Glenn F., Los Angles Times, 7/1/93,pA25. Sandoval, Moises, National Catholic Reporter, 6/28/96, Vol. 32 Issue 33, p20.