Enron, the smartest guys in the room Essay

Enron was one of the biggest scandal of all time in the stock market. The three main guys leading the pack was Ken Lay, Jeffrey Skilling, and Andy Fastow. The company was not making profit so they decided to do â€Å"future value accounting†. This was shown to shareholders so they can spend money and invest in Enron. The future value accounting just shows a list of future profit that was predicted. What actually happened? Why it can happen again? What can be done to prevent it? and What is now being don’t to prevent it? These are the question that will be answered and explained. What actually happened? Andy Fastow was the one who created several smaller companies that would hide the losses Enron had made. Enron showed that they were making great increases in the stock market and others wanted a piece of that. They even convinced their own employees to buy stocks. Enron wanted to hide their scandal so bad that they paid investment company to fire the employee that had any concerns. Enron was behind the California Energy Crisis and made billions off the state. They had the power plants shut down and resold energy for much higher and made outrageous profit. Their company got so big within a short amount of time, but so did their losses. It was getting much harder for them to hide the scandal as their company progresses. A writer at Forbes magazine was the one who started the collapse of Enron. She released an article and what Enron was truly doing and it went downhill from there. Jeffrey Skilling bailed on the company and sold all his stocks and left Ken Lay and Andy Fastow to run the company. Enron eventually collapsed and all the employee lost everything. Jeffrey Skilling and Andy Fastow were sent to prison for the scandal and Ken Lay passed away after the trials. The main thing that can be done to prevent another Enron scandal is the involvement of the investors themselves. The stockholders need to know about everything and anything that goes on in the company they are investing to the best of their abilities. Management and the Board members also play a very big role in avoiding another Enron. They are the one to keep track of the funds coming in and out of the company. Calpers are the current members that watch over the investors money and make sure everything is where they’re suppose to be. Regulators are also important in having strict regulations for companies, but lenient enough so there is room for competition. The Enron Scandal can happen again if a company is using the â€Å"future value of accounting†, but with the new check and order that is set up, it is very unlikely it will happen. These new check and order are very strict and precise on company so that they can prevent another major scandal. Audit committee’s have the right to access the company’s financial statements and have the company cooperate with them at all times. The reason why Enron got away with their scandal for so long was because they had their own audit committee â€Å"checking up† on them. There is no way to completely prevent another scandal, but a scandal as big as Enron will surely not happen again. In the end, check and balance comes in to play to keep any company from pulling a scandal as big as Enron. Because there was a loose leash over the company, Enron took advantage of that to the max and scammed every investor for their money. Now the lesson has been learned and companies are being regulated and watched for the best of the investors.

Native American Informative Essay

Indian reservations across America are lands that are reserved for Native Americans. On the reservation, the Native children are taught an education and ways to interact with others. On most reservations the children are taught the Indian language, but are also taught how to speak English. They mainly keep most of the Native American techniques and heritage. In a way these lands set aside are best for the Native Americans since they were on this land first. In North America there were seven main groups of tribes. In the far north there were Eskimos. Next were the Mackenzie-Yukon caribou Hunters. In the East was the Eastern woodland Indians. The Plains Indians were in Central America. In the Northwest were the fishermen, California and Intermountain seed gatherers, and finally in the southwest were the Southwest Farmers and Hunters. Native American education is a very important topic to today’s way of living. What percentage of Indians for to what schools? In the 1990’s, about 40,000 Native students (10% of the total) attended some 170 Bureau of Indian Affairs. The BIA is an organization which helps fund the reservation schools. There were also about 10,000 (3%) attended private schools, and over 300,000 (87%) attended public schools. In these schools, a disproportionate number of Native students achieve below national averages. On the 2000 National Assessment of Educational Progress reading assessment, 40% of white fourth graders scored at or above proficient, compared to only 17% of Native American students. New performance standards are being served to American Indians and Alaska Native Indians. The new standards are challenging Native students more. New performance standards outline shows how well students learn from the content, and new assessments measure their learning capability. The new content standards hold promise for Indian education for several reasons. First, they may help create a more common curriculum among schools within states, and clearer learning expectations across states. This could prove helpful to Indian educators in meeting the needs of the many students who transfer between schools. Second, because the content standards drive the curriculum, educators, parents, and students can refer to them to provide increased focus for teaching and learning. Bureau of Indian Affairs schools have chosen to adopt the content standards for their individual states, a curriculum which is more common to nearby schools. Third, new content standards may help improve the quality of instruction for Indian students. The constructivist approach promoted by national and most state content standards allows for a more holistic, real-life, active learning sort of pedagogy, which consists of more traditional American Indian ways of teaching and learning. Before others started moving here, North American education was geared to teaching children how to survive. Social Education taught children their responsibilities to their extended family and the group, clan, band, or tribe. Vocational education taught the children about farming, hunting, gathering, and fishing. Basically all the techniques needed to grow food for hunt for the food they ate. Native Americans have educated the ways we live in so many ways. They had techniques for growing many foods. Native farmers were the first in the world to domesticate potatoes, tomatoes, and many other plants that helped feed the peoples in the world today. You may ask yourself, Where did the Indians come from? Like the white settlers, the first Indians were immigrants. Anthropologists say they came from northeastern Asia. They resembled the early Mongoloid people of that region. Nobody knows when or how they came. They probably arrived when ice sheets covered much of Northern North America. This may have been 20,000 to 30,000 years ago. They may have come because they were wondering hunters hunting for food. How did the Native Americans start to be called Indians? The Native Americans had lived in America for thousands of years when the first European explorer set foot on their land. When Christopher Columbus landed in the New World, he called the Native people â€Å"indios† (Spanish for Indians) because he thought he had reached India. The first people to inhabit the North American continent were the Indians. Their settlements ranged across the western hemisphere and were built on many of the sites where modern cities now rise. They hunted deer, buffalo, and other game and cultivated land where today’s crops still grow. Their hunters, warriors, and traders used paths now followed by roads and railways. Indians words dot the map of the United States. Twenty-seven states and large numbers of cities, towns, rivers, and lakes bear names from the languages of the first Americans. Native Americans were dieing of diseases that had spread all through the countryside. The European invasion that began in the 15th century brought tremendous changes to the life of Indians. The Europeans brought over many diseases, such as the measles and smallpox. The Indians did not have any immunities for these diseases which could be life taking. Medicines were not invented in past years, as they are today to cure smallpox and the measles. After all the Europeans and other immigrants had entered the North American continent. The government was starting to be established. With the establishment of the United States, the federal government was faced with the â€Å"Indian Problem†. To deal with the Indians, the government established the Indian Bureau in the war department in 1824. Later in years, under President Andrew Jackson, the government established the Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma. After four centuries of precipitous population decline to a low of about 237,000 in 1990. American Indian and Alaska Native population in the U. S. began to increase in the turn of the century. The population of Native Americans has more than doubled in the past 30 years, from one million to almost two and a half million. Half of this population lives in urban areas and less than a third lives on a reservation. Poverty and social problems have plagued American Indians. They want political and economic equality, and want to region their native identities. Which includes their languages and traditions that historically were suppressed in schools. By recovering the past through a strong sense of identity and by using culturally appropriate curriculum and instruction, some Indians and Alaska Native students are achieving education success that therefore proved elusive. In the early 1970’s Indian activism, part of the civil rights movement, created an atmosphere that led to the passage of the 1972 Indian Education Act. It also led to the 1975 Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act. The Self-Determination Act is the idea that the Indians decide what is the best for them, not the government. Now the Indians were receiving less federal funding. They are still for the Self-Determination Act because they have more control over the Indian people and Indian Education. The 2,476,000 Native Americans represent some 500 different tribes, each having their unique culture, and 200 surviving languages. Today as the population increases, American Indian languages and cultures are being lost, partly as a result of federal and state education policies for the â€Å"Americanization† of Indian students. Now that the government is calling for this, Native are not being able to be in cultures and use the own unique techniques. All Indian tribes had their own way of surviving and gathering food. The Indians lived in different ways in various parts of the country. When a roaming band of Indians found a place with good hunting and plenty of seeds and berries, they settled down. Gradually they learned to utilize the area’s trees and plants, its animals, fish, and birds. Stones and earth were also a great part in surviving. Indians in different areas had other types of foods and ways to live. Clothing and shelter was fit to the surroundings around them. Before the Indians had gained the benefit of having horses, the hunters had worked out cunning methods by which they could kill enough buffalo to supply the tribe with meat and hides. In snowy weather, Indians would encircle a herd and kill many of the animals before they could flounder away in the drifts or get lost in a blizzard. Indians did not always have to work. They also had time to play games and other activities. The tribal members would come together for festivals that lasted a week or more. The gatherings usually had religious ceremonies as their main purpose, but there was time for games and visiting, storytelling, and social singing and dancing. At the festivals the braves would paint their bodies for dances and for the battle. The designs might be special â€Å"medicine†, or magic to protect their lives. They may be used to look more ferocious. For paint the Indians used red and white clays, black charcoal, and yellow pigment from mulberries or moss. They first smeared their bodies with buffalo or dear fat, and then rubbed on the colors. The women also had to dress up for the ceremonies. Women used the softer, finer skins of deer and antelope for most garments. They embroidered the ceremonial costumes with dyed porcupine quills ad painted the carrying cases and the tepee linings. In the designs, they drew triangles, diamonds, and other geometrical figures. They beaded the costumes after traders brought in beads. Native Americans have a large part on the countries history. They were the originating people on this land and are being pushed aside by other people who now live in the United States. The government had to set aside land for them, but now that land is becoming smaller and smaller. If the Native Americans would receive a proper education, I am sure they would fit into today society better.

History of Djing Essay

How to DJ History of DJing: DJing began with the invention of the phonograph in 1857. It allowed people to create and record sounds on the device to let others listen to. In 1906, Reginald Fessenden played the first music record over the air. Then shortly after, came the disk jockey. As music became more popular, night clubs began to spring up creating a social environment around the uprising. Then came the implementation of music in school dances and other small venues, however, the quality of the equipment meant that the sound quality was often unbearable and distorted. As equipment began to get better, the rise of the modern DJ began. (Dave) In general terms, a DJ’s job is to play a series of records or music in front of an audience for their enjoyment. However, a club DJ is one who approaches the music in a much more creative way by carefully hand picking certain tracks to create a seamless, flowing mix, otherwise known as a set. Every DJ has his or her own technique that they apply when mixing. (Nelo) To be a DJ, one must be a true performer and have the ability to feel the crowd. The DJ should be able to feel the music and have the necessary skills to blend tracks together. Armin van Buuren is perhaps the most famous DJ worldwide. In his early years, his DJ career did not work out so he set out to get a traditional degree. In his last years of school, his productions took off. After creating chart topping remixes, he wanted to try being a DJ. He has used his talent to create the phenomenon known as A State of Trance which is at its 500th episode. He has DJed at the biggest venues in the world and has had countless sell out raves. Armin van Buuren is just one of the many DJs in the world who have taken the art to the masses. How to DJ: For my first DJ set, I chose to do a multiple genre mix, the hardest type of mixing. To create a set, you need a pair of turntables and a mixer. To use effects and to be able to create a more creative mix, you need software such as Traktor or Serato on your computer. I am going to use the Traktor S4 (Figure 1) which is a top of the line DJ controller. First, I chose a track list that I felt would create a good vibe in a club or party environment. The genres range from Pop, RnB, to Drum and Bass. I started the mix using a custom intro blended with a remix of a Katy Perry song. Then, I blended in the next track by beat matching the two tracks and adding a swoosh sound while transitioning to the next track making sure to keep the flow the same. (Figure 2) I then brought in a beat that slowly raised the bass creating a hard beat. Nearing the end of the track, I transitioned into a remix of a classic club song that everyone would know how to dance to making sure that everyone in the crowd would enjoy the music. After the classic, I transitioned into a portion of Satisfaction by Benny Benassi that had an electro vibe that would allow me to seamlessly transition into another dance classic that had a vastly different beat, keeping the flow going. After Bonkers by Dizzy Rascal, I transitioned to a intermission drum and bass beat, building the beat for the future track. This track would be used to pump up the crowd and get them ready to dance to the high paced final track. For the final track, I chose a drum and bass remix of a UK chart topper, Pass Out by Tinie Tempah remixed by Netsky. (Figure 3) Nearing the end of the set, I made sure to end the song by slowly dropping the bass levels, then trebles, and finally the mids. This allowed me to slowly fade out the track without creating a messy set. To create the set, it took four hours.

A Book Report on Nickel and Dimed Essay

This research paper is on the book named Nickel and Dimed, a non fiction best seller penned by Barbara Ehrenreich. It is the story of an essay writer who goes undercover on advice of Harper’s editor Lewis Lapham as a low wage worker to find out how non-skilled workers manage their day to day lives. She experiments in three states, namely Florida, Maine, and Minnesota, by finding a job and accommodation in each location, in an attempt to find out the life of low paid workers. She spends one month in each location working full time and living only off the amount of money she earns in low-wage jobs. The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether the author could both live off the money earned and have enough money at the end of the month to pay the next month’s rent or not. A Book Report on Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America and Criticisms It is said that America is a land where dreams come true everyday. It is absolutely true. Millions of people from all over the world come to America to be certain that they have found a land where finally they would have enough of everything. See more:  Manifest Destiny essay Barbara Ehrenreich not agrees with the above statement, especially, when it comes to low-paid and unskilled workers. Barbara Ehrenreich is an upper middle class woman, who is a writer with PhD in biology in her real life. On advice of Harper’s editor Lewis Lapham, she follows a journalistic approach to infiltrate the low paid workers to know the effects of welfare reform. She leaves her life as a writer with $1300 in her pocket to meet the unexpected expenses, her personal items and her car. Her first destination is Key West, Florida where she starts searching for a job and lodgings. She chooses this city as it is closer to her home. There she secures jobs at two restaurants as a waitress and flirting with one day act as a housekeeper and continues living. Her fear as an over-qualified worker takes toll and she feels herself like an under-qualified worker as days proceed. This goes on for two months instead of for months, when she finally accepts defeat, as she walks out in mid-shift. The jobs get physically demanding and Barbara is extremely exhausted, the main reason behind her quitting. The restaurant and the people’s names are not revealed by the author. After leaving Key West, she plans to start afresh with Portland, Maine. The choice of location is connected author’s Caucasian demographics which she presumes that she will get better with workers and is quite affordable. There she finds two jobs. The main one is that of housekeeping, the job which is in strict need. The other one is of a dietary aide in nursing home where there is an Alzheimer patient whom she has to take care of regularly. There she befriends Marge and Holly, who are fellow housekeepers. Compared to previous one, she is proud of her job. As Ted, the manager of the housekeeping company is strict with women’s schedule; her routine becomes tight and physically and mentally demanding. She and other housekeepers often are deprived of lunch either of their schedule or because of their low wages. In the due course, Holly becomes pregnant and she needs holidays, which Ted refuses to give. However, the author is successful in winning her holidays from Ted revealing her real job. After her stint at Portland, she proceeds to her final destination- Minneapolis, Minnesota. There she manages to find a runaway motel with loose bolts and doors, after a long hunt for accommodation in a city where vacancy rate is only 1%. She is unsafe of her belongings at her stay. After a long search, she manages to get her job in Wal-Mart in ladies clothing. Her job is pick up dropped clothing and taking cloths from dressing rooms and put them back on the racks. There she befriends Melissa and meets union as she feels that workers are working too hard for their wage. Though she finds a better place to live, she eventually leaves her job after a month, as the wage is too low to afford a single day meal. After her experiments she finally analyses how she performed at each job. She rates herself as average and one of the problems she faced is low level of encouragement from her co-workers. Also she concludes that the unskilled jobs are physically and mentally challenging and the state is even worsened due to employee politics. Level of competition in the markets is very high as there is rise of rent, especially for hourly workers. Employers used many tricks in order to keep wages low so that employees keep coming back to their jobs. These all with the politics resulted in low pay and low standard of living. These workers will even face a problem in knowing the better pay jobs as they have little education and cannot afford increasing transportation cost. The main reason for these shortcomings in these jobs was low self esteem. People who work these menial jobs are not given respect and often games are played at them to reduce their pay. The author finally concludes the book as the welfare reform has not yet reached the people in the way the government had planned and calls for better prospects for these people and increases their standard of living. In response to Nickel and Dimed, Adam Shepard conducted an experiment. Sheperd began his experiment with $25 in his pocket. Without mentioning his degrees, he managed to get a job and fulfilled his objective of buying a home, a car and more than $5000 as his savings in ten months. This experiment refuted to the premise around which Nickel and Dimed was constructed. The author finally concludes by portraying the mindset of low-paid workers-â€Å"When someone works for less pay than she can live on †¦ she has made a great sacrifice for you †¦ The â€Å"working poor† †¦ are in fact the major philanthropists of our society. They neglect their own children so that the children of others will be cared for; they live in substandard housing so that other homes will be shiny and perfect; they endure privation so that inflation will be low and stock prices high. To be a member of the working poor is to be an anonymous donor, a nameless benefactor, to everyone. † References Ehrenreich, Barbara. 2001. Metropolitan Books. Nickel and Dimed. Platt, Charles. â€Å"Life at Wal-Mart. â€Å"

International business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

International business - Assignment Example Face book provides and creates and effective platform for developing and improving the partnership between the development of the business and the non-profit organization for conducting good social programs. Face book alone serves and includes 1.11 billion users across the world. Facebook can be considered potentially for providing business to the millions of users in the new and emerging market. The development of the face book across the world has increased the complexity of the world. The complexity comprises of the opportunities and the obstacles for carrying out international business that are challenged continuously. Face book has failed to enter and penetrate in the Chinese market because of the rumour which in indicates that it may enter into partnership with Baidu which will penetrate the Chinese market and will overcome the barriers that have settled or established the internet brands of US in China. But it is likely that face book may face the censorship which is practiced by all Chinese websites. The changes and modification in the technology have developed the mechanism towards the growth and development of the international business. The reduction of the barrier in the movement of the trade and the capital has resulted in the flow of the import, export and the foreign direct investment. The multinational organization has developed as the prime agent of the coordination of the international economies. The international business promotes and improves the ability for generating innovations and delivering the goods and services in the market. The growing and development of the new industrialized countries such as China has lead to the development of the activities related to international business. At the firm level the productivity, cost and the market share are all considered as the prime indicator for increasing the competitiveness in the international business. The economies have widened and expanded in the recent years due to the

The modernization theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The modernization theory - Essay Example This multi-dimensional orientation of the concept give it a much wider and bigger scope to cover and discuss many important and critical issues of the modern world and specially those faced by the developing countries. In effect, Modernization theories study the impact of modernization process on the human communication and in doing so explore many critical and important issues which may serve as the reconciliation points between the developed and developing world. However these modernization and development theories are controversial also as the most underdeveloped societies due to their strong cultural, religious and economic values find it hard to embarrass a change which has not emerged indigenously. This study will explore the modernization and development process besides providing a critical analysis of the theoretical framework and the impact of cultural invariance on the modernization and development process and the societies. The historical orientation of the modernization and development process suggest that it is a macro-theory with historical and sociological inspirations. (Universiteit Twente). It is believed that the theories of modernization and development were developed in order to assess its impact on the human communication. Gidden defined modernization as â€Å"the appearance of the modes of social life of organization which emerged in Europe from about the seventeenth century onwards and which subsequently became more or less worldwide in their influence† (Giddens). Therefore in effect, modernization defines the changing ways of the communication taking place in modern and traditional society. In its essence the modernization and development theories suggest that the western values and practices are best and that if replicated by the developing countries can prove beneficial to the long term

The World Trade Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The World Trade Organisation - Essay Example Considering the on-going trading between developed and developing countries, WTO is often accused of benefiting richer nations to the detriment of poorer ones. For this study, the advantages and disadvantages of joining the WTO will be discussed. Based on the evidences gathered during the research process, critical analysis will be applied in the study. Prior to conclusion, recommended ways in which the WTO could be transformed positively in terms of being able to help developing nations will be tackled. For the conclusion part, whether or not the WTO is benefiting richer nations to the detriment of the poorer ones will be answered as part of the conclusion. Thesis Statement â€Å"The truth behind the accusation that the WTO is benefiting richer nations to the detriment of the poorer ones† Advantages and Disadvantages of Joining the WTO Advantages Increases the Overall Economic Activities in Developing Countries WTO offers a better business opportunity on the part of developing countries. A good example is the case of China which signed the joining contract with WTO back in 2001. (Klapper, 2008; Mastel, 2001) Prior to China’s active participation in the world market, the country was considered one of the most underdeveloped countries due to lack of infrastructure, technology, and technical skills that could enable them to compete with developed countries. (Chow, 2006) Because of the huge market in China and cheaper labor costs, developed countries like the U.S., Canada and Europe among others began establishing their manufacturing companies in China.

Analysis of Implementation of the Doctorate in Nursing Practice Degree Research Paper

Analysis of Implementation of the Doctorate in Nursing Practice Degree - Research Paper Example Doctorate level practice is one of the highest levels of nursing practice, and it involves top-notch training based on nursing science. The two categories of doctorates may coexist inside the same nursing education division. The predominant research-oriented doctorate program in nursing Ph.D., whereas the practice-focused discipline is Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) though recently introduced. The latter is seen as a counter-PhD because the proponents feel that former doesn’t have a practical aspect. It is for this reason that much contrary views have arisen. The inception of the Doctorate in nursing practice by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing has got some mixed reception within the nursing profession. The proponents have grounded on the fact that unlike tradition doctoral programs, the DNP program will emphasize practice-oriented direction and offer an alternative to research-oriented doctoral programs. The first reason to move to this program is due to the shifting of the nation’s intricate health-care environment. It requires high level of scientific skills and practices proficiency to provide quality treatment outcomes (Aacn.nche.edu, 2014). Various institutions such as joint commission and foundations and the institute of medicine have supported this program and called for a re-look on the nursing profession that prepares practical aspect of nursing. Another major factor that builds impetus for change of the nursing culture at doctorate level include: the speedy expansion of comprehension underlying practice; inclined health care complexities; widespread concern over patient safety and quality of health and scarcity of nursing workforce. This demands a high standard of preparation of nursing practitioner who can be able to design, assess, and evaluate patient care. The shortage of practice-focused nursing faculty has made the DNP attract increased learning expectation of nursing community to fit the existing gap.

Cultural Event Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Cultural Event Report - Essay Example The museum was established in 1984 and was referred to as the Center of Fine Arts, but later on in 1996 its status was raised and was referred to as the Miami Art Museum. The dates of this event were from January 12th to the 16th of the year 2012. It was dubbed as the Miami International Art Fair. The event had several prominent guests, artists, musicians as well as some government officials. Some of the artists, Christopher Reilly and Richard Prince had attended the event to give full insight on their art work. The event was also where premiere galleries all across the globe, art collectors as well as curators meet yearly. The excitement could be felt while a person made his or her way into the museum. It was like going to a cinema to see a new Spiderman movie debut or having the chance to seat next to your favorite artist and consult with him or her. The Low Country by Elisabeth Condon and the Swimmers by Demi drawings were the two paintings that captured the eyes of the audience. Low Country is a new painting by Elisabeth Condon. The painting is light, balancing and opalescent. It is characterized by rubbings and markings as well as filled forms and emptiness. The painting was set on an acrylic canvas board of 36 by 60 inches in length (MAM, 2012). According to Elizabeth Condon, the painting portrays political resistance that followed after the literati customs. It portrays the Chinese intellectuals who preserved the cultural practice despite pressures by other powers to cease their practice. The second painting, Swimmers by Demi drawings, was painted in the year 2011. The painting was set on a color pencil canvas board. It has a dimension of 11 by 14 inches. This work is composed in an open and flexible way (MAM, 2012). In it, a person can see how painting turns into an escapade without tenets whose freedom and lyricism remind s people of the greatness of Paul Klee. In conclusion, the event could be summarized as a success from the lighting, to the

Father-in-Law and D-Day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Father-in-Law and D-Day - Essay Example He signed up and volunteered to be trained as a paratrooper, following the footsteps of his older brother George, who was already in the Army and was fighting with the 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division. In August 1941, Chic registered at Fort Devins, Massachusetts and being newly-married and an expert meat cutter, he was told that he would be given consideration to work as a Staff Sergeant at a meat cutting plant in Chicago, preparing meat for the troops. Chic would not have anything of it. So the Army sent him to train as a paratrooper at Camp Taccoa, Georgia. Chic, chuckling during the interview, said that it used to be called Camp Tombs because the camp's site used to be a casket factory. Since he spoke French, was good at photography because of his father, could read maps and the compass very well, and had a good sense of direction, Chic was assigned to work in military intelligence and was trained to be a paratrooper who would be dropped behind enemy lines from a plane so they could check on the enemy, sabotage their transport and communication lines, and give information to American troops on where the enemy was holed up. It was dangerous stuff because these paratroopers would always be the first ones to fight the enemy so they could keep safe those who would come later during the attack (Encarta). From September to October 1941, the training at Camp Tombs turned Chic and thousands of other recruits into hardened young soldiers, preparing them for the tough years ahead. Then off they went to the Parachute School at Fort Benning, Georgia for more training, this time as paratroopers. Chic learned to jump from high altitudes, and shortly before coming home for the Christmas holidays in 1941, he earned his wings (paratroopers who complete their training get a set of golden wings that they proudly display on their uniforms) after his fifth training jump from an airplane thousands of feet up in the sky. The first two jumps were pretty scary, but Chic got the hang of it and found it pretty exciting that he got his wings ahead of the others in his group. In 1942, Chic underwent more paratrooper and combat training Camp McCall in North Carolina, where they practiced landing behind enemy lines, engaging in dangerous maneuvers, and jumping some more from planes. It was perhaps this long training program that kept Chic alive when he finally saw action, although some of his friends who trained with him never survived the war, and some survived but were seriously wounded. Anyway, during the whole time he underwent training, Chic and Lorraine, his wife of less than a year, lived in their own quarters just outside the camp, like other married soldiers did, and this may have been Chic's secret to learning the art of staying alive in the midst of danger. Having someone to come home to somehow sharpens a man's sense of danger and survival, and this made him sensitive to what goes on around him, preventing him from becoming careless (Ambrose). In 1943, Chic was

Literary analysis of The Darling written by Anton Chekhov Research Paper

Literary analysis of The Darling written by Anton Chekhov - Research Paper Example On receiving the telegram informing her of his death, Olga is devastated. For some time she is lonely and heart-broken. She then meets Pustovalov, a timber merchant who helps Olga to get over the loss of Kukin. She begins to like him and marries him. Once again Olga adopts his beliefs and opinions as she did when she was married to Kukin. She finds happiness for the second time. But a tragedy strikes again as Pustovalov is struck by illness, from which he never recovers. After Pustovalov’s death, Olga has an affair with Smirnin, a veterinary surgeon. Smirnin who is separated from his wife has a son. This time too Olgas views are the views of Smirnin. Meanwhile Smirnin gets relocated, and Olga again is alone. She stays alone for many years and continues to have no views or opinions of her own. Few years later, Smirnin returns with his wife and son and looks for a place to stay. Olga offers them her place. She begins to love Smirnins son, Sasha, as her own child. Once again, Olg a finds someone to love, and gets a chance to share views and opinions. However Sasha feels suffocated by her excessive love. At the end of the story we find that Olga has no intellectual life that she can call her own. She is always agreeing and following the opinions and views of the persons she loves. She does not have any personality of her own and finds happiness in reflecting the beliefs of her husbands or lovers. Olga is shown as trying to fill her empty life with the love, thoughts, views opinions of others. So it can be said that the story is a negative commentary on the life of a woman who has no identity of her own but only reflects the beliefs and opinions of others. Chekhov’s short stories and plays usually do not have strong plots and focus more on characterization than action. Olga is the protagonist of the story. She is attractive, compassionate and eager to help people. She cannot make up her mind on any

Assisted suicide should not be legalized in Canada Essay

Assisted suicide should not be legalized in Canada - Essay Example The Canadian statutes prohibit physician-aided suicide. In Canada, ever since 1972, suicide has not been a crime. However, a physician-assisted suicide is against the law. Section 241(b) of the Canadian Criminal Code stipulates that any individual who assists another person to execute suicide, and whether the suicide is successful or not is actually responsible for the offense (Prado) 80). Regulations that do not allow physician-aided suicide together with euthanasia are constitutionally aimed at protecting the Canadian people. On the other hand, there have been debates on whether the state should decriminalize it or not. The most prominent case that opposed the law was the Sue Rodriguez against the British Columbia Supreme Court. Rodriguez pleaded with the Supreme Court of Canada to allow someone assist her end her life since she was suffering from a progressive brain disease (ALS) that would eventually kill her. Therefore, Rodriguez wanted to avoid the terrible suffering by having someone aid her take her life. In the same way, on March 2012, in Quebec, the legal institution ruled that the current regulation prohibiting assisted dying is discriminatory and overboard, as well as disproportionate. This ruling was followed by an appeal by the federal government. The proponents and opponents of the legalization of assisted dying continue to hold their views. In the province of Quebec, on June 2014, the physician-assisted suicide became legal. As cited by McLellan, between 1990 and 1998, Dr. Jack Kevorkian helped in the suicides of more than 120 terminally sick individuals. Pursuing this further, the proponents of criminalization of assisted-suicide argue that the recent developments in medical technology have made it possible for people to live for years prior to their natural death. Studies have demonstrated that patients who die by means of assisted suicide were most of the times diagnosed with depression. As cited by Kirkey, there is a

Managing the Digital Enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Managing the Digital Enterprise - Essay Example It demonstrates the degree of innovation of an organization and their responsiveness to the consumer needs and changes in taste preferences. With the introduction of technology, e-business models have been developed that allow businesses to demonstrate their abilities and responsiveness using web based centres. Thus, a business model whether tradition or e-business model demonstrates the approaches adopted by an organization to make profits. In this paper, the business models of Dell and Amazon companies will be analysed to demonstrate how each of the approaches have affected the performance of the businesses. In implementing the business models, these organizations have their specific community and target audience in sight, which affects the nature of their models. The target audience served by the organizations websites will also be analysed to demonstrate how the companies use their sites to attract their customers. Dell and Amazon business models The development of web dependent business models as have been done by both Dell and Amazon requires the understanding of the characteristics of web-users. Consumer behaviours constantly change and is influenced largely by the current occurrence in the market, competition and the entry of new players in the industry. Companies conduct studies on consumer behaviours to determine the nature of their web contents as exhibited by both dell and Amazon. Websites therefore incorporate business news, entertainment articles and educational activities aimed at attracting and arousing the interests of the consumers. In organizations that conduct online shopping, procurements, sales and advertising like Amazon and most recently Dell, a proper e-business model is of great significance (Kuballa, 2007). Dell Corporation launched their e-business approach in 1990s and this has enabled it to make inroads into new markets while designing products that suit the specific needs of the consumers. According to this model, the company main tains a virtual operations and sales system in which it operates without any physical outlets and intermediaries to link it with the consumers. With its sound supply chain management approach, Dell can sufficiently serve the orders of its consumers within 24 hours of receiving the order (Fife & Pereira, 2006). One of the business models used by Dell involves the employment of e-business in enhancing its supply chain management thus enabling the company to meet the consumer’s needs in time. In 1996, Dell Corporation opened its website www.dell.com for online selling purposes and designed it specifically to allow for interactive approaches with the consumers (Kha, 2000). The business model as practiced by Dell Corporation is also punctuated with consistencies in the development of new innovative products, which are availed on the company’s website for consumers to review. The innovative approach focuses on the key competencies of the company and the ability of the consum ers to make their personal inputs on the products online before making their orders (Fox, 2000). Amazon has cut a niche for itself as one of the leading online book and music seller controlling a large percentage of the total books sold online worldwide. The success of the online

Analysis of The Economic Organizationof a P.O.W Camp andThe Wizard of Essay

Analysis of The Economic Organizationof a P.O.W Camp andThe Wizard of Oz , Journal of Political Economy - Essay Example The Economic Organization of a P.O.W Camp This article focuses on economic organization of a Prisoner Of War camp written by R.A Radford. The camp organization and politics are matters that concern the present and future existence of the inmates. In this article, one aspect of social organization is economic activities that exist in this camp. Prisoners in this camp depended on their economic activities to provide for their necessities. However, prisoners in the camp were roughly given equal share of the essentials; it is through trade that prisoners would meet their individual preferences (Radford 190). The Development and organization of the market The captives realized that it was undesirable and unnecessary to accept gifts of food or cigarettes in the view of limited size and equity of supplies. This led them to develop trade as a means of maximizing individual satisfaction. The writer talks of a transit camp in Italy a fortnight after capture where captives received food parcel from Red Cross each a week later. Weeks later the donation turned to small exchange trade where they became a custom in the market. Exchanges existed between foods and cigarettes where at the end of a month there was a lively trade in all commodities and their values were well known. The cigarette became the standard of value where goods were exchanged in return although barter trade was not extinguished (Radford 191). Despite the organization in Italy, the market was divided where French, Russians, Jugo-Slavs and Italians were free to move in the camp while British and Americans were in a confinement in their compounds. However, a few cigarettes would grant any man authority to visit their compounds. People who visited the highly organized French trading centre found relatively low priced coffee, and found out later that some of the coffee was sold in black market by some French prisoners. This discovery raised a hostile public opinion against these monopoly profits and led to chan ges in the market (Radford 192). The cigarette became the currency in the market given that it performed all the functions of a metallic currency as a unit of account, a measure and store of value.  

Labor Laws and Unions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Labor Laws and Unions - Essay Example The organization allowed different groups to join so that it could fight for their rights. However, the state law later started governing the number of employees who were allowed into this organization. This led to certain definition or categorizing of businesses that made some of them unfit to be members of the organization. Unfortunately, Gompers was only interested in the skilled laborers, and he considered many black people unskilled (Lorwin, 1972). Thus, the organization is mandated with the responsibility of organizing literal test, so that it could not base its membership on assumptions. Additionally, the situation was facilitated to curb the problem of a member not fitting the terms of the state legislation (Roberts, 1960). To evade any other problems, membership was open for all workers despite of their race or color. This reduced any intended government policy that might have affected the organization due to the bias that fuelled racism in country’s industrial sector (Aldrich, 2010). A labor union is a movement formed by workers with common interests of achieving common goals that include better working conditions (Marot, 2001). It is usually the responsibility of the union leadership to ensure that they adequately bargain on behalf of the employees, who are members of the union (Marot, 2001). Moreover, the union leaders are mandated with a collectively bargaining for labor contracts with the employers on behalf to employees. Additionally, negotiation engulfs wages, complaint procedure, work roles, hiring rules, promotion, and firing of workers, policies, benefits, and workplace safety. The negotiations and subsequent agreements by the leaders of the union are ever binding on the file and rank members as well as in cases that involve non-member workers. It is worth noting that a trade union may be made up of individual workers, paste workers, professionals,

Pollution in the environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Pollution in the environment - Essay Example Holdgate also asserts that, â€Å"the significance of pollution is related to its effects on a range of targets or receptors including man and the resources and the ecological systems on which he depends† (17). As human beings have flourished in all the fields of science such as medicine, technology, nuclear bombs etc. the types of pollutants have also become very diverse beginning from vehicle smoke to radioactive chemicals and extremely dangerous ultra-violet rays. Hence it can be inferred that the damage is now out of control because every aspect of human life that is associated with comfort and health directly or indirectly discharges some form of pollutant and helps in further destroying the environment. 1.1. Types of pollution Any type of component, rays or object that effects the environment is some way can be perceived as a pollutant as it is, â€Å"any substance introduced into the environment that adversely affects the usefulness of a resource† (Hill 8). Conse quently pollution can be divided into many sub-divisions such as air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, light pollution etc. Although the causes for all these types of pollutions are self-explanatory yet it is interesting to observe the manner in which one component helps in spreading so many types of pollutions all at once. For example radioactive rays and chemicals simultaneously hold the power of polluting the natural resources like soil, water, plants and air. Then again noise, smoke and light can be dangerous for the atmosphere as well as the ozone layer which is protecting us from highly radioactive ultraviolet rays of the sun. Even the cutting down of trees and forests can also be perceived as a form of pollution spread because less tress mean less greenery and excessive spread of pollution as plants and trees fight against pollution by absorbing many harmful gases that are present or discharged in the atmosphere. Hence it can be understood that alth ough urbanization and modern advancements in the fields of science and technology have its perks yet it has also resulted in stealing the peace, quiet and beauty of nature leaving man in a figurative desert of unhealthy surroundings where everything is either stale or dull devoid of freshness and life. Although all ecosystems of planet earth are very important yet it should be realized that it is impossible for human beings to survive without water and some of recent incidents of spilling of highly dangerous substances in different seas and oceans show that human beings are not understanding the extent of damage that is going to be caused and is being caused because of their carelessness. Moreover this issue requires some careful planning and plotting to remedy the situation otherwise there is a possibility that human beings will be facing water shortage which will ultimately lead to vanishing of water from planet earth which in other words means death. 2. Water Pollution Water poll ution can be defined as, "any impairment of the composition or state of water resulting directly or indirectly from human agency, in particular to the detriment of: its

Experimental Design & Methods 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Experimental Design & Methods 2 - Research Paper Example In the assessment of the current advertisement, campaign used by the Idaho State University will begin with a comprehensive analysis of the goals of the advertisement. This involves understanding its intended meaning, its anticipated impact on the targeted population, the demographics of the target population as well as its anticipated impact on the image of the University. When these dynamics have already been outlined, they will be used as standards through which the content of the advertisement will be assessed. Content testing will involve finding out whether the advertisement is successful at obtaining the attention of its target audience, if the advertisement is sufficiently informative to enable the audience to evaluate the advertised material and whether the advertisement is believable enough to convince the audience. Additionally, the testing will consider whether the advertisement is memorable in order to make sure that the audience will remember its main aspects, whether t he advertisement appeals to the target audience and whether the advertisement produces the anticipated effect in regards to brand image of Idaho State University. Selecting the advertisement that is most suitable entails more than mere choosing of the most eye-catching approach as the most suitable approach should have an ability to meet all the goals that have been set out by the Idaho State University. The chosen approach should also be able to communicate the appropriate message to the target audience, have an appeal to the target audience and be consistent with the marketing endeavors of the University. The experiment to assess whether the advertisement campaign used by the Idaho State University is effective and whether it will be more successful if a different social media platform is used will be conducted in two phases; the

Bauhaus and Modernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bauhaus and Modernism - Essay Example This essay discusses that the main concepts of the Bauhaus began in Germany in the early 1900s, specifically when World War I and World War II began to dominate the lifestyles of those in the region. The philosophy was based on the changes that were within society and how this led to different perspectives of what was important to those in a given culture. The basis of this was known as being a logical positivist, which embraced futuristic and avant – garde ideologies. It was understood that this particular concept of philosophy was one that not only demanded the change toward mathematical and economic associations with art. There were also values that were placed on the changing culture, specifically because of the wars which were taking place. As the report declares, Europe and America began to experience a profound shift in sensibility that would lead to an explosion of creativity in the arts, transform moral values, and in time reshape the conduct of life throughout Western society† This basis was followed by other concepts which were associated with the understanding of Bauhaus and the movement toward modernism in Germany. The art and architectural forms that were a part of the movement were one of the main associations made with the Bauhaus movement. The philosophy developed was based on simplistic forms and colors as well as a synthesis between the two. Unification of the forms and colors were then able to create a different focus on the ideology of the subject and what was being said.... This essay stresses that the desire to create a sense of innovation and modernism then became reflective of the ideologies of the Bauhaus movement, specifically in trying to find a definition that created the perception of modernism. The similarities of defining modernism then became a part of the art and architecture that was in both America and Europe. When looking at the different movements and the artistic works, it can be seen that there are similarities specifically in the definition and philosophy of modernism. When looking at these two artistic concepts, it can be seen that there is a direct relationship to creating shapes, forms and specific colors with the art. The Bauhaus perspective is based on incorporating mathematical concepts and philosophies of technology, specifically to re-identify art into a modernist perspective. The later work of Dove uses these same philosophies, specifically which takes the subject matter of the mountains and makes it into what one could define as a modernist work. The concept of Bauhaus and the American modernist movement have changed the way that many looks at the idea of modernism. Bauhaus worked as the precursor to American modernism with several philosophies, including the art, craft, and philosophy of defining modernism. The early influences of those that were a part of America from the Bauhaus movement, as well as the incorporation of different ideologies in trying to find the meaning of modernism led to different understandings that created the modernist philosophies.

Remote connectivity solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Remote connectivity solution - Essay Example On the other hand, these both issues have direct influence on workers’ efficiency as well as the company’s profits. In order to deal with these issues, a large number of technologies and tools are extensively available, and Cisco’s Virtual Office solution is one of the most excellent solutions that offers a wide variety of capabilities such as safety, administration, agility, large scale deployment IP telephony, complete tool and service suite accessibility and resiliency. In addition, Cisco’s Virtual Office offers a visible end-to-end solution that allows business workers to manage jobs remotely as if they were on-site at a business center, which ultimately leads to improved efficiency and minimizes functional costs (Cisco Systems, 2008; Davis & Dhillon, 2006; Tomur, Deregozu, & Genc, 2008; Cascio, 2000). Best Practice The Cisco technology system has developed Virtual Office to provide a solid foundation and a model for how it visualizes corporation and h ow to assist and maintain remote/distributed workers to improve efficiency, increase worker happiness, and reduce security threats along with overall corporate operational expenses. In addition, the Cisco technology community expects that this project application will openly tackle 4 major aspects of change: a site-to-site â€Å"for all time on† VPN (virtual private network) link with the client, that is completely incorporated into the business network. The implementation of this technology will facilitate with a complete variety of communication technology based systems. In this scenario, a firm can communicate via voice, transfer data, real-time communication and video collaboration services all work effectively over the systems. Moreover, these practices will offer a capability to remotely apply, handle, and implement business strategies/standards across a network of extensively dispersed remote access points, at the same time as facilitating the development of the teleco mmuting network with an effective solution to deal with security vulnerabilities (Landau, Vollath, & Chen, 2002; Cisco Systems, 2008; Tyson, 2013). Advantages The implementation of this technology renovates a number of traditional practices of a business organization. Basically, the implementation of this technology will offer a capability to remotely handle and push business policies/standards throughout a network of extensively scattered remote access points, at the same time as allowing for the development of the telecommunication network without creating new network security based issues and vulnerabilities. This solution encompasses a variety of best practices to improve the capability to offer complete visibility of the communication through remote site and remotely organized router in a way that is transparent to the end user. Additionally, these practices also offer excellent support for a wide variety of converged systems. In addition, with this solution a business organiza tion puts together IP telephony into the remote site/home. This offers the capability in "single-number reach-ability," with workers having the same phone number at the business desk and in the home office, which results in less additions and telephony\ accounts to handle and considerably lower

Corporate culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporate culture - Essay Example The goal of the essay is to identify what parts of culture are the most important and why it is useful for managers in order to build a worthwhile long-term corporate strategy and keep competitive edge. Here will be described power, diverse attitudes and beliefs, how to effectively manage people, risk and socialisation. The corporate culture There are several success factors for business if the organisation desires to achieve growth and build high human capital development. First, leadership needs to have a very strong vision of what they want to accomplish. â€Å"They know how to set the direction for the organisation and how to build commitment to follow that direction† (DeVries, 1996, p.491). It is necessary for managers to be transformational, using positive personality and charismatic traits, in order to get employees to model themselves after the leader. They need to push for personal growth and add more value to the human resources role to gain this commitment. However, this cannot be done without setting a cultural tone within the business that provides opportunities for employees to be empowered. If the manager considers culture important, they will develop proper training for this effort and always reinforce how important it is for employees to be focused on mission-related goals. ... Managers should not always keep power at the top levels since this breaks down the effectiveness of attempting to build a positive, unified corporate culture. â€Å"If power lies in the strategic coordination of resources rather than mere possession of them, then a strategic conception of power offers the opportunity for subordinate groups to develop coalitions capable of challenging dominant groups† (Alvesson & Willmott, 2003, p.6). If this is true, then employees will work against senior-level power and control and try to combat it by developing their own factions as they try to gain control in certain key areas. If power only resides at the top layers of the business leadership, then it is not a true culture. It is, instead, a business that maintains very high controls and does not provide workers with much flexibility or give them perceptions of value. A business that operates in this condition would be referred to as a centralised organisation dedicated only to making sur e employees perform as they are expected. Social and psychological factors are dismissed in this type of business and no culture exists at all, only one with a Theory X type of focus where employees are always regulated. This could lead to higher turnover rates or generally dissatisfied employee groups who have little to contribute to a cultural whole. In some business environments overseas, such as Saudi Arabia, managers score high on testing related to Hofstede’s power distance scale. This is due to Muslim beliefs that are traditionalist and are common in Islamic societies (Bjerke & Al-Meer, 1993). Power distance is the level of closeness between management and regular employees.

Blondes and Brunettes Essay Example for Free

Blondes and Brunettes Essay Glorious and beautiful, Blondes and Brunettes have been in rival for the precious rigors of magnificence. Fancying into the limelight, subdue one into conspiracy against exquisiteness, musing at the same time to the countless difference that had been nurtured. Blondes propel themselves in to the height of success and perfection. Brunettes on the other hand, articulates striking uphold on developing holistically. Blondes and Brunettes adversary with one another goes beyond just beauty it is more to the glorious point of the perfection. The parties deem appropriate to necessitate mediation, to further analyze their conflict. â€Å"Mediation is a fair and efficient process to help you resolve your employment disputes and reach an agreement. A neutral mediator assists you in reaching a voluntary, negotiated agreement. † The Mediator A goddess was the preferred mediator for this practice. This Goddess is in any form fine-looking and wonderful. The Goddess made known: Parties, today between any trials and travails that might be encountered we mediate a difference of opinion and vision. Kindly put into mind that in no way I will provide a proposal and formulate obligatory actions to the issue at hand. Benevolently, there are rules to carry out: First, under the Florida Rules for Certified and Court-Appointed Mediators, Rule 10. 330(c) I shall not in any manner, neither receive nor accept a gift, favor, loan, or other item of value in this process. Any favorable fad that might be offered shall rule this course of action be brought into a halt. Second, under the Florida Rules for Certified and Court-Appointed Mediators, Rule 10. 340(b) obliges me to disclose any potential conflict of interests. Since I am the goddess, I assume an equal position on the subject for I am the Beauty and Power in all structure itself. It is in my significance to procure this arbitration to carry on with my existence. And to satisfy the conditions set by this rules, I will allow the two parties to progress toward a resolution as justified by Rule 10. 310(b) and in no means shall I have the right to interfere with such since my sole responsibility is to reduce obstacles to communication, assist in the identification of issues and exploration of alternatives as specified in Rule 10. 220. With all this, as the Goddess of Beauty and Power I will in all diligence bestow my uncompromising integrity and impassioned advocacy in this mediation. The convention was set and so if parties are acquiescent to the rules we will now ensue the mediation. Parties will be having the opportunity to take the floor. With this, each shall speak before this process their position, what would they like to achieve, and any other issues presumably measurable with the subject matter. Humanely, let us maintain proper demeanor. Listening would be the key to understanding. Problems Blondes I am the true enigma of beauty, with my hair that shines with the finniest strand of wellness. That is the reason why even before when the TV was invented, in the 15th and 16th Century in Italy, women were dying their hair blond. Womens desire to resemble the pronounce aptness of having flaxen hair was a vogue. And so Barbie became the superstar doll in the planet. A miniature copy of blondes with small waist, large breasts, and blue eyes—is an unswerving, pragmatic, and rational response why the Blondes symbolize beauty. Well, Brunettes may say that brunette dolls were also created on the latter part of time, but then it only shows that Brunettes is a second rater, to think that manufacturers took time before realizing what’s with Brunettes’ beauty. Principally, I don’t like Brunettes’ beauty being leveled with mine, Brunette has now invaded the Television, Print Ads and Magazine which I don’t think is right since I’ve already assumed the top position of exquisiteness, Brunette doesn’t consider that I may feel harmed because of her immense move that threaten reputation. Basically, I want Brunettes not competing with my attractiveness, Brunettes’ intelligence surely has opted me to deal with the matter as Brunette’s Incursion made me look bad at times. Brunettes I have not invaded Blondes’ position, since I was made to be on top by people who believed that my Brunettes hair matched by my exotic beauty is a masterpiece. It might be true that she was first made to be a doll, truly darling, charismatic beauty that she might possess. But people evolve and so the standards of Beauty. Since she was dethroned from the position she initially had I don’t put it in the way that I overran Blondes’ spot in the society. Blondes might as well consider that my beauty is universal since I won a lot of Ms. Universe titles with my crowning glory put into place with elegance. Blondes’ Bluntness, at times impairs my feelings as well, especially when Blondes’ Confidence overflows against mine. With this, I covet for Blondes to face the reality that she is not anymore in the throne of beauty. Just let Blondes leave the position to me, since Blondes beauty has been there long enough it is time for Blondes beauty rest. Discussion The following are only some of the issues perceptible on the matter: 1. ) Since Blondes and Brunettes fancy for the same affair it is apparent that an objective based solution can not be put into practice. This is for the reason that pursuing what they want which is the same, triggers that it would likely end up on having one winner and that is not the purpose of this mediation. 2. ) Brunette pushing Blondes on the Beauty Scale and Blondes doing the same thing to Brunette, establish a particular and concrete issue which on the hand, the parties see coming about in a different way. 3. ) There are some issues of little factors (Bluntness Moves, etc. ) that add big to the problem which needs to be solved. Primarily, the subsequent step is to letting the parties become conscious that there both of them should feel successful in this mediation not leaving anyone behind. Mediator: Well, I see a continuous conflict between the two of you which transpires everyday as you live your life on earth. My deep concern is for us to find out why this is palpable to take place. I think we need to look at the collective cause of all this†¦ Blondes: As the world continues to evolve, I’ve noticed Brunettes coming through Hollywood and making arrangements on doing movies, print and TV advertisements the same things that I craft, which is just fine at first but when I read in the gossip magazine that she plans to make every Blondes feel that she owns it all, that pushed my alarm. Brunettes: That is not so true; I worked my way hard enough to get into that position and did not in any way pilfer prior arrangements of yours. I am just getting my piece of cake. It just so happen that when I stumble into a gossip magazine, I read that you find Brunettes doesn’t have the talent as Blonde possesses. Blondes: Think again! I’m just doing my job because people find my beauty very suitable for them to be entertained and informed as well. I just accepted the offer for Blondes which they discover to very pleasing to their eyes. Brunettes: You did not say in an interview that I am not talented? Blondes: No I did not. I heard you were the one backstabbing me by saying that Brunettes just got it all unlike Blondes. Brunettes: So why don’t we get rid of that gossip magazine? So you can work your stuff and I’ll do mine without any ridiculous side comments from a gossip magazine? Blondes: That can’t be! They make and break us, why just we do more nasty sayings against each other for us to be more popular? The mediator is extremely crucial at this point since the parties ascertained a core issue initially not taken into account. This may bring further variance later on. Mediator: The arguments were by far very interesting, but let us not generate auxiliary problems. To be definite that I get your point let me reaffirm your statements: Blondes, you stipulated that Brunette tries to push you away from the limelight because of the gossip you’ve read in the Magazine that Brunettes would take over your entire career. Brunettes, you sense it not good that Blondes find Brunettes not as talented as they like what you’ve read in the gossip magazine. This made you realize that all along the two of you may not have any problem with one another’s existence. Let us continue on what Blondes’ work is all about. This is the time to make compromising into action, finding some common ground for both parties in which they would understand that the origin of their problem is not removable but can be settled by letting them to come into conclusion. Caucus is significant at this point of mediation. Its main purpose is to know whether the parties have qualms not wanting to be addressed to the other party. Also, this is the time they can they create special consideration they are willing to fulfill. Caucus with Blondes Mediator: I truly understand how you feel Blondes. To be recognized in the scene of stardom is very essential. Do you have any matter you are akin to unveil between the two of us only? Blondes: Probably, I just felt that Brunettes might one day take all the glory in the limelight and not even a single shed will be bound to Blondes. Brunettes: Well, I just want to clear things that I never pushed the Blondes away, not even try to challenge their position in the industry; I know they’ve been there and I respect their beginnings. I just work hard and do my best all the time. As it seems both of the parties are now kind of released their disputes, it is apparent though that they find the other party to have been the one who started the conflict. Third Parties Importance of third parties in mediation is highly significant. It is a unique method to let the parties recognize what effect they bring on third parties. On this process the third party present was 37 year old Lina Casimiro, a bald cancer patient, who is undergoing chemotherapy sessions. Some benefits of having a second mediator for the Parties/Participants are: a. The mediation team can represent disputants diverse characteristics (e. g. male/female, Anglo/Hispanic, older/younger, etc. ) b. A disputant has a better chance of feeling a sense of trust with at least one of the two mediators. c. The disputants have the advantage of the combined skills of two mediators, whose skills usually enhance and complement each other. d. Co-mediators can model co-operative problem-solving and direct-as in as a director or speaking directly to disputants. e. There is a better check on mediators biases or shortcomings. And for the Mediator: a. Having a partner eases the load and tension of mediation, especially in difficult cases and multi-party situations b. Tasks can be comfortably divided when mediators are intentionally paired (e. g. a person skilled at handling emotions matched with a person skilled at practical problem solving). c. A team is less likely to be co-opted by a party . d. Co-mediators can learn new techniques from each other in the process. e. Sessions can be debriefed and strategies planned with a Co-mediator. f. A less experienced mediator can work with a more experienced mediator. The concept of bring a bald woman with cancer divulges the neglect of what a hair she wears literally but how she lives her life as a person without any representation of being any of the parties. Moreover, co-mediation, â€Å"it is a recognized fact in the construction industry that if a mediator has technical knowledge of the major issues involved in the dispute, there is a greater chance that the mediator will be able to bring the parties together to reach an amicable settlement. † Lina can bring a new light into the dispute since she manages a different lifestyle as compared to the parties. Mediator I would like to bring in my co-mediator, Lina Casimiro, she is a cancer patient, and is now undergoing some chemotherapy session which is noticeable due to the baldness. I hope that she can make possible a more successful mediation process by providing some insights on some of the issues we are discussing. Blonde, you may now continue†¦ Blondes: Well, somehow I still think that Brunettes would like to assume the position of being the best beauty in the world. Since, when I look into different medium of exposures, she is always there, and though she would not totally eradicate us, she imposes to lessen our limelight. Brunettes: I am doing my work because it is my passion not because I want to harm Blondes! Moderator: May I know Blondes, if you ever wonder why Brunette entered the scenario in one way or another as you feel, taken away something from you? Lina: In my situation, where I must not think when will I die, the best possible way to somehow lessen that burden is to entertain myself by watching TV or reading magazines, its good to see variety of beautiful people as I may not see them again in the near future. Blondes: That’s really touching to know. Do you still find Blondes beautiful? Lina: Of course, all the time and even Brunettes too. Brunettes: I told you Blondes, the standard of beauty is fast evolving and so the thinking and appreciation of people. So may I ask how do you find the difference between Brunettes and Blondes? Lina: Hair color is not really important chiefly when you have nothing to spare with like me. But those who have like you Brunettes and Blondes, your crowning glory don’t define you as a person, but how you live as a person of either a light-colored or dark colored hair. A healthy competition indeed, is what makes the world exciting and worth living. One can’t live without the other. As for me, that time is the essence; all is beautiful all is fine, as long as we breathe and we appreciate. We may have difficult times because we are different, but we settle on one thing, that we are here to take life’s challenges. Blondes: I’m happy that we, in our own little way become life support for others. Brunettes: I honestly feel that too. The mediation process now has the prowess of a positive outlook. The parties are now on the process of re-evaluating their roles in this conflict and openly received answers from a third party for the issue they initially unlocked. With this, they were able to find more about themselves, and how important a life is to another. The Parties come to the stage of comprehending that life on Earth has sought to address the needs of man as man and not merely of man in so far as to be more than them. Mediation will still proceed until the Blondes and Brunettes relate that beauty is not about who has more and who possesses less but instead it is to mettle with rigorous challenges that may come your way. Both parties accept the friendly and healthy competitions that relatively occur in a more positive manner. Conclusion: This case is about the generality of people that perceive Brunettes and Blondes as different human beings. Perhaps, it may also be a crate with regards to racism. What was brought out here is the fact that in our lives and as our culture dictates, subject with consideration to higher forms of beauty or any other things become a national and even universal debate on belief and points of view. Third parties in mediation process shed a different light in the matter concerned and being discussed in mediation. There presence in the process voluntarily widens the perception of the parties as they bring in their own. Problems have solutions as well as their causes. For some reason, the cause is not initially perceived by the parties involved. With that affair on the table, comes Mediation which in so many ways would incur the initial issue that must have been first resolved.

Criminal Law and Procedure Assignment Essay Example for Free

Criminal Law and Procedure Assignment Essay 1) At the Trial of Scissors Lee, the prosecution would like to produce to the court the caution statements of Scissors Lee as evidence of his confession. Can you write out a list of your objections you will raise with the court to the production of the caution statement at the trial? Ans:  Upon the production of the caution statement of Scissors Lee, I would like to raise some objections in term of its arresting procedure, reliability and voluntariness. Arresting Procedure: PC34567 should have cautioned Scissors Lee at the football ground According to the Rules and Direction for the Questioning of Suspects and the Taking of Statements issued by the Secretary for Security in 1992, when PC34567 has evidence that Scissors Lee might have committed an offence, he must caution Scissor Lee before putting him into further questions. In the caution statement, DPC13579 first quoted the conversation between Scissors Lee and PC34567 to induce Scissor Lee to have a consensus in the fact described in that conversation, however that conversation record was not obtained under caution and therefore it should not be mentioned in questioning Scissors Lee. Therefore, the caution statement is not obtained in a proper procedure and should be inadmissible. Arresting Procedure: DPC13579 did not tell Scissors Lee his rights fully under arrest After Scissors Lee was brought to the police station, he was not told by the police that he should have the chance to contact his family or get a lawyer. In that circumstance, Scissors Lee may be put in a situation of helpless and unassisted. Besides, DPC13579 told Scissors Lee that he could only go if he had given him a statement, therefore, there is a reasonable doubt that Scissors Lee may be induced to cooperate to work out the caution statement. If he was told that he may get a lawyer to represent him, he should have stayed silence during the interview of DPC13579. Reliability: The caution statement is recorded in English The interview should be conducted in the mother tongue of Scissors Lee, that seems not to be English but Cantonese, upon the conversation between Lee and PC34567 to avoid any ambiguity and misunderstanding. Scissors Lee is only a Form 4 student at a secondary school and do not do well in academic. Therefore, there is a reasonable doubt that Scissors Lee has the proficiency in English that he understood all the statements made by DPC13579 and stated concisely in his speaking about the whole story of the event. Voluntariness: The length of the time of the interview is too long The duration of the interview is 2 hours. It may be a factor that sapping the free will of Scissors Lee in signing the cautioned statement. When the interview time is lengthened, Scissors Lee was anxious to go home, and there is a reasonable possibility that Scissors Lee just signed the cautioned statement for letting DPC13579 to release him to go home, therefore the cautioned statement may not be made voluntarily and thus should be inadmissible. Voluntariness: Scissors Lee was in hunger but was rejected to take snack Throughout the interview, Scissors Lee was not given any refreshment. The interview was held at the time of having dinner (2000-2200), as he was quite hungry during the interview, he asked DPC13579 for some snack, however DPC13579 ignored him. In such circumstances, it is reasonable to object that the voluntariness of Scissors Lee to sign the cautioned statement was greatly affected by hunger and ignorance of DPC13579, thus the cautioned statement should be inadmissible. Voluntariness: Scissors Lee was deceived in signing the cautioned statement DPC13579 showed the cautioned statement to Scissors Lee, and simply asked him to sign on it without explaining the content. Scissors Lee thought the cautioned statement was a paper stating his right after his arrest and signed on it without full acknowledgement. There is a reasonable possibility that Scissors Lee was deceived into signing the cautioned statement and therefore, he was not voluntary in admitting hitting Ah Ho, therefore the cautioned statement should be void and thus inadmissible. Voluntariness: Scissors Lee was afraid of prejudice in admitting the offence Scissors Lee was told by DPC13579 that he was the only one arrested by the police and he must admit hitting Ah Ho otherwise the police would be very angry and come to his school to see him every day. Scissors Lee was afraid that if he did not admit the offence, the police would really come to see him every day which will obviously cause unexpected harassment to him. Therefore, the cautioned statement is clearly involuntary as it has been obtained by â€Å"a fear of prejudice†. Voluntariness: Scissors Lee was promised in admitting the offence Scissors Lee was told by DPC13579 that hitting is a common assault and he would get away with a fine. Since Scissors Lee thought that he already has a criminal conviction of bound-over and so that one more common assault would not further taint his character. DPC13579 had made an offer of release from police custody and therefore, it is obvious that Scissors Lee signed the cautioned statement in the hope of release, thus that statement is inadmissible. Voluntariness: Scissors Lee was unsuitable for confession upon his emotional status Throughout the interview, Scissors Lee was scared and anxious to go home. Under this mental condition, he was easily affected by external factors, such as the persuasion or threat by DPC13579, impatient to go home; therefore, it appears a reasonable doubt that he admitted the offence in absolute voluntary. As a result, the cautioned statement should not be admissible as it is not fair to demand Scissors Lee to make a comprehensive decision in the interview. Voluntariness: Scissors Lee may be affected by alcohol On the day in question, before PC34567 brought him back to police station, Scissors Lee was forced to drink whisky. It was hard to determine that whether the decision of Scissors Lee was affected by the alcohol. Therefore, there is a reasonable doubt that Scissors Lee signed the cautioned statement in an unconscious status, thus the cautioned statement may not be made in voluntary and so inadmissible. 2) Supposed Scissors Lee would plead guilty at his trial, can you advise him what mitigating factors you should address the court on his behalf? Ans:  After having a detailed analysis in Scissors Lee’s background and the circumstance of the offence, I may address the court some mitigating factors upon the facts of this case and of his background. Case Fact: Scissors Lee was scared of offending Mr. Big Mr. Big was an older boy who started to offer Scissors Lee drinks and snacks and treated him to bar after the match. He taught Scissors Lee how to drink and everybody in the football ground treated Mr. Big like their leader. In this case, Scissors Lee’s offence was instigated by Mr. Big. Mr. Big told Scissors Lee to be at the football ground at 3.30 pm so that he would like Scissors Lee to â€Å"teach Ah Ho a lesson.† Mr. Big continued to threaten Scissors Lee that if he did not come, Mr. Big would treat him naughty and teach him a real nasty lesson. Scissors Lee committed the offence only in fear of Mr. Big but not intentional. Case Fact: Scissors Lee was not the prime mover In this case, Mr. Big was throughout the only prime mover of the offence. Scissors Lee was only in control of Mr. Big because of fear of Mr. Big. He played a less important role than his accomplices in this offence and therefore he should be held less guilty. Without the threat by Mr. Big, there appears no evidence that Scissors Lee would commit the offence and cause any harm to Ah Ho, therefore, Scissors Lee was only a puppet of Mr. Big for his offence to Ah Ho. Case Fact: Scissors Lee attempted to stop others hitting Ah Ho When Ah Egg, Zero, Ah Kin were hitting Ah Ho, Scissors Lee went up and shouted to them to stop. His attempt to stop others hitting Ah Ho shows that, at first, he had no intention of hitting Ah Ho. Scissors Lee only pushed Ah Ho once after Mr. Big yelled at him, the purpose of his offence was only to make a false appearance to Mr. Big that he was hitting Ah Ho but not intended to cause bodily damage to Ah Ho. In such circumstances, his offence was relatively unsubstantial when compared to his accomplices. Case Fact: Scissors Lee was affected by alcohol which was forced to drink by Mr. Big Scissors Lee never like drinking wine. But before the offence, Scissors Lee was forced by Mr. Big to drink a lot of whisky. His offence may be affected by alcohol. Therefore, in such unconscious status, Scissors Lee was partly involuntary to commit the offence. There was no evidence that Scissors Lee will commit similar offence in the future. Case Fact: The injury of Ah Ho was not too serious Ah Ho was sent to the hospital for medical treatment, from his medical report, he was discharged with no complication from his wound and he would be expected to recover fully within two weeks. Although Scissors Lee and his accomplices did damage to Ah Ho, there was no evidence that the offence of Scissors Lee was causing any substantial damage and left any unrecoverable wound to Ah Ho. The offence committed by Scissors Lee was relatively light and it can be seen that the intention of Scissors Lee was not to cause serious harm to Ah Ho. Case Fact: Scissors Lee did not attempt to approach Ah Ho after the offence Scissors Lee has not tried to harass Ah Ho after the event and he stays a distance from Ah Ho, even if they are still in the same class. Scissors had shown genuine remorse for his offence and regret to what he had done to Ah Ho. Base on these circumstances, Scissors Lee is less likely to recommit any offence to Ah Ho. Case Fact: Scissors Lee pleaded guilty in sincere manner and cooperated with the police Scissors Lee was regret for his offence to Ah Ho, and he pleaded guilty in sincere manner. Throughout the arrest, Scissors Lee cooperated with the police and told the fact without any concealment. From the above evidence, we can see that Scissors Lee has the intention to repent and reform, he is less likely to commit any similar offence in the future. Therefore, the court should sentence him in high discretion. Background: Scissors Lee has good relationship with people surrounded From the background report of Scissors Lee, he came to Hong Kong 10 years ago to reunite with his father. However, his father since divorced his mother 8 years ago and left them. Scissors Lee is although come from a complicated family background his relationship with his mother is good. At school, he always has good relationship with school friends, class teacher and the principal. Scissors Lee has good personality and there is no substantial risk of reoffending. Background: Scissors Lee is a person of responsibility Scissors Lee is an active participator at school and he always help the school in important events like open-day, parents-day and whenever Justices of Peace come to visit them. It shows that Scissors Lee has a good character and a good work record at the school. Besides, Scissors Lee is also the sports captain of his school. He is responsible for organizing sport events and taking care of other schoolmates during sport events. All of his achievements at school show that, he is a person of responsibility and therefore he chose to bear the consequence of his offence. Background: Scissors Lee has a clear direction of future career Scissors Lee planned to be a footballer, a dancer or an artist after he has finished Form 5. He has a realistic prospect of career and therefore is outstanding from others of the same age. It shows that he is a mature and thoughtful youngster and therefore the criminal conviction of this minor offence would be a stain in his personality which may substantially affect his career and life in future already. Background: Scissors Lee was not really familiar with the prime mover Mr. Big Scissors Lee was not really familiar with the prime mover Mr. Big and his accomplices, Zero, Ah Kin and Egg. They are only met at the football ground and play football together. After this event, Scissors Lee is much likely to aloof from those people and he will no longer be influenced by these bad friends. Background: Although he was in bind-over, that offence was not relevant to this case Although Scissors Lee has a criminal conviction of fighting in public place on 5 Jan 2009 and he is under bound-over in $1000 for 12 months to be of good behavior and refrain from acts of violence. However, that offence was obviously provoked by the victims and it is not relevant to this case as in this case, Scissors Lee was in threat of Mr. Big. Therefore, the court should not impose any relationship from this record to the present case. Proposed Sentence Since Scissors Lee’s mother who earns only about $8,000 a month is the only financial support in his family, and the maintenance from his divorced father is always received on an irregular basis, to impose a fine may not be suitable as it may cause financial problem to his family. Therefore, a community service order should be imposed as Scissors Lee (1) is one with a light criminal record, (2) has a stable home background and good relationship with his mother, (3) has a good record in school important events, (4) has a realistic prospect of being a footballer, a dancer or an artist, (5) has shown genuine remorse upon his confession and (6) has no more than a slight risk of re-offending upon his background and facts in this case.

Impacts of Drug and Substance Abuse of Youths

Impacts of Drug and Substance Abuse of Youths Drug and substance abuse continues to be a major problem worldwide, and in particular, Malawi. It is estimated that there are over 12 million abusers in United Stated of America and 500,000 cocaine users in South Africa (Fabiano Maganga,2002, pp124-127). It is a common knowledge that most of the drug and substance abusers are youth and young adults, i.e. the most productive age groups. Most teenagers begin to experiment with substances at an early age which may lead to drug and substance dependence or addiction. This may occur through the progression from experimentation with drugs/ substances to their occasional use and they lead them to the development of tolerance and physical dependence (Malunda Mpinganjira, 2009, p.147). The most common drug in Malawi is cannabis, also called hemp or chamba and the smoking of hemp is increasing rapidly, particularly among young people. Almost every school has some boys and girls who smoke chamba indicating that the drug is very easy to obtain (Fabiano Maganga, 2002, pp.124-125). Risk factors that predispose people to drug/substance abuse are lack of mental or emotional resources against stress, a low tolerance for frustration, and the need for immediate relief of tension or distress (Malunda Mpinganjira, 2009, p. 147). According to Arterburn Burns (1989, pp42-46), biological predisposition, peer pressure, parental attitudes and parenting style are also some of the factors which lead adolescents to indulge in such malpractices. The EAM (1998, p.27), says lack of recreational facilities for the youth makes them to find other forms of recreation such as drugs and drinks. Drug and substance abuse among the youth is associated with a broad range of high risk behaviors. This type of behavior can have profound health, economic and social consequences such deviant behaviors, unprotected sexual intercourse, interpersonal violence, destruction of property and perform poorly in the studies (Malunda Mpinganjira, 2009, p.147). According to Kabwila (2000, p.19), Many cases of indiscipline in schools, homes, sports and entertainment places are as a result of abusing drugs, alcohol, and other substances. Peschke (1993, p.249) said; Death caused by smoking far exceed the death rate from Aids and traffic accidents. The excessive drinking of alcohol is not illegal but it can have serious effects on both the individual and society. Alcoholism is the/ number one socio- medical problem. Alcohol makes a person irresponsible and much more likely to engage in unprotected sex, therefore, a factor in the spread of HIV/AIDS. It can also lead to illness, particularly diseases of the liver (FabianoMaganga, 2002, p.125). Therefore if deaths caused by smoking exceed the death rate from Aids and traffic accidents it is important to analyze the causes and effects of drug and substance abuse among the youths so as to draw out measures of how to help them. According to Malunda Mpinganjira (2009, p.148), drug and substance abuse is worsened by complex socio-economic challenges such as unemployment, poverty and crime in general. Most of the youth that are involved in drug and substance abuse are led into a life of crime. Police records reveal that 90% of the criminals arrested in this country are between the ages of 17 and 30 years of age (Dzonzi, EAM, 1998, p.88). Therefore it is of great importance to examine possible factors related to the abuse of drugs and substances among the youths so as to draw out measures of how to help them. Background information Mkanda Zone is one of the areas affected by drug and substance abuse. It is a Trading center, North of Mchinji District which borders with Zambia. A lot of businesses are being carried out in this area; shops, dealers, and local businesses. Many adolescents especially school going age in this area are engaged in drug, substance as well as alcoholism. Drug and substance abuse is linked to other kinds of irresponsible behavior such as unprotected sex or violence. Such risky behaviors may lead to economic, social, and health problems as individuals as well as nation. For example, some youth participate in deviant peer groups, unprotected sexual intercourse, interpersonal violence, destruction of property and others. Secondary schools are facing a lot of problems because of students who are involved in substance abuse, as a result there are many indiscipline cases happening at school. Some of the students who abuse drugs and substances will not perform well in their studies or they will just drop out of school leading to high number of illiterate people. Adolescents use drugs and substances for various reasons such as peer group pressure, family problems, developmental stage, stress and relief, availability and others (Mueller, 1999, p.317). For a country to develop it needs its young people to become educated, to work hard and become active and responsible citizens. No matter what, the issue of drug and substance abuse remain a major problem among the children and teenagers. Parents and educators should be aware of the extent of drug and substance abuse and its effects. It is therefore important to determine the reasons and nature of substances abuse in youth in Mkanda area in order to be able to suggest measures which could be applied to prevent and control the substance abuse problem. Statement of the problem The youth today are more rebellious, more troubled emotionally, more confused sexually, less idealistic, more critical of values and standards of adult culture and more disengaged from them (Dzonzi, EAM, 1998, P.86). One of the major critical decisions that Malawian youth comes face to face with is on the use of drugs and alcohol. According to Kabwila (2000,p.19), Many cases of indiscipline in schools, homes, sports, and entertainment places are as a result of abusing drugs, alcohol and other substances. It has been said that almost every school has some boys and girls who smoke chamba (Fabiano Maganga, 2002, p.124). Most of the youth that are involved in drug and substance abuse are led to a life of crime. Police records reveal that 90% of the criminal arrested in this country are between the age of 17 and 30 years of age. These crimes are committed daily in Malawi by young people most of them as a result of direct consequence o involvement in drug and alcohol abuse (Dzonzi, EAM, 1998, p.88). When it comes to the subject of drugs and substance abuse, parents, teachers, pastors, police officers, politicians feel out of their depths, understandably so because there is a lot of confusion and inaccurate information around, this is made worse by some highly charged and emotive news stories on the subject (EAM, 1998, p.86). In light of the above, the main research question of the study; Why do most of the youth use substance? From the major research question, the following are some of sub questions: Which substances are used by most of the youth? What are the effects of drug and alcohol abuse on education? Which strategies can be developed to prevent substance abuse among youth? Purpose of the study The major aim of this research was to carry out an investigation why most of the youth nowadays are engaged in drug and substance abuse and even alcoholism in selected secondary schools in Mkanda area. Even though such lessons are taught from their earliest ages (primary school), the syndrome seems to be on an increase. The following were the specific objectives of the study: Investigate reasons why most of the youth in Mkanda area are involved in drug and alcohol abuse. An explanation of the mostly abused drug among the youth in secondary schools in Mkanda area. Identify the effects of being involved in drug and alcohol abuse on their education. Identify the strategies to prevent drug and substance abuse among the youth Significance of study Today, drug and substance abuse continues to grow at rising rates among children and the youths. Young people today are exposed to drugs earlier than before. The study on this topic will be of great importance to the nation of Malawi. Firstly, the findings of this study will be used to educate the youths and their parents on drug and substance abuse in Mkanda area and other areas in Malawi. Not only will the findings of this research educate the youths and their parents but also will help educators and other professionals involved in youth ministries to understand the prevalence of youth drug and substance use and abuse in order to develop effective evidence-based strategies and policies which will be used to control the problem of drug and substance abuse. Surely, creating a drug free society reduces consequences that may arise and produce responsible citizens. Hypotheses Drug and substance abuse is influenced by biological and psychological factors. The researcher in this research paper has the following hypotheses: Locally availability of such substances at lowest prices. Lack of other entertainments. Lack of role model. Limitations This study will be conducted in few schools due to lack of time. Responded might not be willing to complete the questionnaires in which will make the researcher some delays to compile the results. Some respondents will not be free to express the truth from the matter fearing that they are going to be arrested since it is a sensitive issue. Money for travelling to gather information is also an issue to be considered. Time is also limited to carry out this research effectively. Language (English) will also be a problem to those with low levels of education. Delimitations The researcher will not disclose names of those who indulge themselves in the business of selling these illegal drugs and those who are involved in the smoking Indian hemp. The researcher will also not give some money to those who will be involved in answering questionnaires. Definitions of terms and Acronyms Adolescent: The developmental transition between childhood and adulthood. Drug: A substance which has a physical effect on human beings. EAM: Evangelical Association of Malawi HHHIV/AIDS: Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome Substance: Any kind of matter . Substance Abuse: Refers to the use of substances for purposes other than what they are intended for or in excess. Youth: Any person aged in the range of 15-24 years old. CHAPTER 2:  REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter reviews the related scientific literature. The chapter is divided into five sections. The first section presents an overview of types of drugs and substances in general. The second section deals with the commonly abused drugs in Malawi. The third section contains some of misconceptions associated drug and substance abuse mostly among the youths. The fourth section is concerned the reasons why most people indulge themselves in drug and substance abuse. The next section deals with the effects of drug and substance abuse on an individual. Types of drugs and substances Drugs come in various forms and can be taken in numerous ways. Some are legal and others are not (access. Ewu.edu/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦education/substance-use-and-abuse/drug-facts.xml). Stimulants. Stimulants are drugs which speed up the bodys nervous system and create a feeling of energy. They are also called uppers because of their ability to make you feel at awake. Stimulants have the opposite effects of depressants. Constant use of stimulants can have very negative effects on the user such as compulsive drugs seeking behavior, anxiety, confusion and insomnia. Examples of such drugs are cocaine, methamphetamines/ amphetamines, Ritalin, caffeine and nicotine (Mueller, 1999, p.372). Depressants. These are drugs which sedate and slow down the activity of the central nervous system. Teens who want to relax or reduce their level of anxiety will often turn to depressants. Many teens will use stronger and more toxic doses in order to enter into the state of euphoria and excitement before the sedating power of the drug takes effect. (Mueller, 1999, p.316). Mueller says these depressants are highly addictive, and long-term users develop physical and psychological dependence on these drugs. Commonly Abused Drugs in Malawi According to Kabwila, (2000, pp.19-20), the term drug refer to a medicated substance taken orally or through injection in order to relieve pain or suffering. Drug and substance abuse refers to the use of drugs and substances for purposes other than what they are intended for or in excess. Continuous use of these drugs leads to addiction. Addiction is defined as a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a drug and involves tolerance, psychological dependence, usually physical dependence, and an overwhelming compulsion to continue using the drug which detrimentally affects both the individual and society (Wilkerson, 1971, p.87). In Malawi, the mostly abused drugs are cannabis, mandrax, cocaine, valium, petrol, alcohol and tobacco (MIE, 2011, p.88). Cannabis is locally known as chamba, and tobacco (cigarettes). Alcohol can be traditional beverages such as chibuku and kachasu, and imported alcoholic drinks like beer (Bisika, 2004, p.29). According to Bisika, Malawi has been used as a transit route for other drugs like mandrax, heroin and cocaine (p.29). The main primary drug of abuse among students is cannabis (79.3%) followed by alcohol (19.3%). The predominant secondary drug of abuse is alcohol (30.4%) and cannabis (20%). The commonest method of use for the primary drug of abuse is smoking (77%) followed by drinking (23%) (Bisika et al, 2004, pp53-54). Cannabis. The cannabis plant or hemp is the source of marijuana (chamba), and THC. The commonly used form of cannabis is the dried leaves, buds, and stems of the plant (Mueller, 1999, p.315). Teenagers refer to marijuana as Mary Jane, pot, grass, or weed. Cannabis leaves are prepared and used in the following ways: Prepared like tea and swallowed. Baked into cakes or cookies and eaten. Snuffed like tobacco and inhaled. Smoked like cigarettes-inhaled. Smoked in pipes. Cooked as relish. In Malawi, cannabis is grown widely throughout the country and the production is about 399.3 hectares according to the Cannabis Survey which was commissioned by the Ministry of Home Affairs in 2003 (Bisika, 2004,p.31). Bisika et al. found that the main commercial growing areas of cannabis are Nkhatabay, Mzimba, Kasungu, Nkhotakota, and Ntchisi. Other districts like Dedza, Ntcheu, Chitipa, and Zomba grow in small scale. Bisika came up with hospital records of cannabis related admission patients from 1995 to 2003. Records shows that in 1995, there were 205 patients at Zomba Mental Hospital (the only government-institution that caters for mentally ill patients), but in 2003, the number raised up to 269. According to a psychiatric nurse at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, findings shows that the most common abused drug in Malawi seems to be cannabis (p.30). Bisika further found that police records shows that there are many cases of cannabis trafficting. Narcotics. These are drugs which depress the central nervous system and at the same time relieve pain such as pain killers like panado. Alcohol. In Malawi, alcohol is consumed by the general public and is not as stigmatized as cannabis. According to Arterburn Burns (1989, p.64-67), alcohol is a food because it has calories, is a drug because it alters moods, and is a poison because in large quantities its toxic. The alcoholic is any person who consumes so much alcohol that he or she becomes addicted to the chemical. Braathen (2008, pp.30-31), listed several types of alcohol. Carlsberg is referred to any bottled beer manufactured by Carlsberg Breweries in Malawi such as green, brown, stout and special. Chibuku is another alcoholic product from Chibuku products Malawi Limited made from maize porridge which is much cheaper than Carlsberg beer. Kachasu is another type of alcoholic beverage, made from maize bran mixed with sugar and water and is left for some days to ferment and then is brewed. Kachasu is a strong spirit brewed by local women. Misconceptions Associated with Drug and Substance Abuse Some people indulge in such practice because of the misled information they get from friends which is not true (Kabwila, 2000, p.53). The following are some of misconceptions people have in their mind: Drug and substances give them energy to do work Assist them to ease their tension and stress Relieve their frustrations Make them feel high or enjoy themselves Give them pleasure and leisure Make them more intelligent Give then to do courage to do work Make them to forget their problems. In addition to the above misconceptions, there are also some traditional beliefs in Malawi that encourage the use of cannabis (chamba). Bisika et al. quoted the SENDU report for 2002 reported that some mothers use cannabis to treat measles (2004, p.32). Furthermore cannabis will give them confidence in their relationship with the opposites sex while some think that cannabis can improve their sexual potency. Why Teenagers Abuse Drug and Substances Alcohol, tobacco illicit drugs such as marijuana (chamba) and steroids are some of the most abused drugs and substances (Malunda and Mpinganjira, 2009, p.15). Peschke (1993) came up with some of the causes for one to be indulged in drug and substance abuse like that some seeks the pleasure (p.253). Life is boring so many teenagers find drugs and substances, alcohol to be an exciting form of recreation that is cheap, easy, and fun to do with a group of friend. (Mueller, 1999, p.317). Curiosity and experimentation. Many children will satisfy their curiosity about unknown world of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs by trying them to find out just what smoking, drinking and doing drugs are like (Mueller, 1999, p.316). Teens in their developmental stages like to discover what is good for them. Some young people are always curious about something that is mysterious, adventurous, dangerous, and illegal (Wilkerson, 1971, p.90). Although curiosity is given an excuse for having started a habit, it is often later found out that some character defect perpetuated the drug taking. Peer pressure. The strongest motivator for a young person is the desire for acceptance by peers (ArterburnBurns, 1989, p.43). Young people indulge in such malpractice because of peer pressure. With the desire to fit in and be accepted and loved, children and teens who feel insecure and unloved at home give in the pressure. (Mueller, 1999, p.317). These are also called the social addict or the social give-ins; young people who take drugs because it is the sociable thing to do- everyone is doing it. (Wilkerson, 1971, p.91). Youth think that taking drugs is a prerequisite for belonging to some groups. Most teenagers often begin using and abusing drugs and substances as a result of peer pressure. Lack of adequate family support, failure of parental supervision and excess unsupervised free time also contribute to increased drug/substance use and abuse among teenagers.(Malunda and Mpinganjira, 2009, p.17). Availability. Children and teens find drugs and alcohol easy to get. Even though its illegal to buy cigarettes until the age of eighteen, more students are reported buying cigarettes without asked for proof of age. But the most unbelievable source of alcohol for many teenagers in their parents. ( Mueller, 1999,p.317). Some of the reasons why teenagers are involved drug and substance abuse advertising. Advertisements are especially effective as smoking and drinking recruiters. Tobacco industries and Breweries industries promote their products.(Mueller, 1999, p.318). Teens are fair game for advertising messages that suggest that drinking and smoking lead to maturity, sophistication, beauty, fun and acceptance. Biological Predisposition. Genetic predisposition plays a big role in siblings to chemical dependency. Children from such families whereby both parents are alcoholics, the risks is even higher. Reports from drug and alcohol center shows that usually 50% of the patients come from families where a parent is an alcoholic (ArterburnBurns, 1989, p.43). It is increasingly clear that alcoholism, or the potential for addiction, is passed father to son and from mother to daughter not because of bad home environments, but because of family inheritance pattern. (p.44). Life Crisis. Family problems are another factor for drug and substance abuse for teens. Children who come from homes where there is divorce, separation, an absent parent, discord, marital conflict, unreasonable pressure/expectations, poor communication, abuse or alcoholism are more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol. Escapers. These are young people seeking to escape from boredom, responsibility, frustration and anxiety.(Wilkerson, 1971, p.91). The life a normal teenager is filled with all kinds of stresses so drug and alcohol often becomes coping mechanisms for teens that have no other way to grow constructively through adolescence. ( Mueller,1999,p.318). Mueller also says that todays pop-culture icons and role models send pro-substance abuse messages through their lyrics, videos and lifestyle, movies, TV, and even fashions. Some teens want to look grown-up. When teens realize they arent children anymore, they dont want to look like children, so they will make an extra effort to look older than they really are. (Mueller, 1999, p.318). Mueller also says that todays pop-culture icons and role models send pro-substance abuse messages through their lyrics, videos and lifestyle, movies, TV, and even fashions. Effects of drug and substance on individual Drug and substance abuse have carries many risks on individual, family as well as the nation at large. Below are some of the abused drugs and substances along with their effects. Alcohol. Medical evidence shows that chronic alcohol abuse leads to severe brain damage which also leads to insanity. Alcohol also causes liver disease called Cirrhosis- hardening of the liver which prevents the free flow of blood causing the liver not to function properly because of many toxins that remain in the blood leading to severe brain damage (Dzonzi, 2004, p.86). Fabiano and Maganga ( 2002, p.125) says Alcohol makes a person irresponsible and much more likely to engage in unprotected sex, therefore high risks of spreading sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) such as HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, alcohol robs peoples money instead of buying basic needs such as food, clothes and good housing; they spend the money on alcohol. The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, p.362), says alcohol can damage the liver, brain and heart, some users lose interest in school or work or have difficulty meeting the responsibilities of a job or family. Fabiano and Maganga(2002,p.124), says alcohol affects a persons ability to concentrate and heavy drinking. Cannabis (marijuana,hashish and THC). The cannabis plant or hemp is the source of marijuana, hashish and THC (tetrahydrocannabinal). According to Mueller (1999, p.315), short-term effects of cannabis include increased heart and respiratory rate, reddening of eyes and sleepiness. Continued use of cannabis leads to more respiratory problems, lung cancer, loss of energy, confused thinking, slow reactions, impaired memory and apathy. Users of cannabis are likely to be violent and to commit crimes and continued use of hemp lead to mental illness. (FabianoMaganga, 2002, p.125). Another effect of hemp is that the mood-altering chemical THC affects hormones in men and causes a temporary loss of fertility (ArterburnBurns, 1989, p.76). Tobacco. Long-term smoking of tobacco leads to cancer, heart diseases and respiratory diseases. Also tobacco smoke is one of the contributing agents to pollution of air (Dzonzi, 2004, p.87). Other drugs (mandrax, cocaine and heroin). These drugs are more likely than hemp to cause mental illness, infertility, impotence, suicide or death from an overdose (Fabiano Maganga 2004, p.126). The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, p.362), says alcohol can damage the liver, brain and heart, some users lose interest in school or work or have difficulty meeting the responsibilities of a job or family. REFERENCES Access. Ewu.edu/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..education/substance-use-and-abuse/drug-facts.xml. 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Life Skills and Sexual and Reproduction Health for HIV and AIDS Education for Primary School in Malawi; A Training Manual, Domasi, Zomba. Mueller, Walt (1998). Understanding Todays Youth Culture. Wheaton, Illinois. Peschke, Karl. (1993). Christian Ethics: Moral Theology in the Light of Vatican II. New Delhi, India. Wilderson, David and Don (1971). The Untapped Generation. Zondervan Publishing House; Grand Rapids, Michigan.